{"type":"hermes-book-pack","version":"1.0","name":"Sun Tzu — The Art of War","books":[{"meta":{"key":"aow","en":"The Art of War","gr":"孫子兵法","color":"#8c4a3f","author":"Sun Tzu","kind":"treatise"},"text":{"title":"The Art of War","greek":"孫子兵法","translator":"Everard Ferguson Calthrop, 1905","kind":"treatise","reference":{"label":"Section","abbr":"§","placeholder":"e.g. 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"},{"sp":"IMG","src":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","t":"Zibo, a city in Shandong province, eastern China; the site of ancient Linzi — Sun Tzu’s traditional birthplace according to some 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","t":"A model of ancient Linzi, the capital city of the Chinese Qi 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","t":"A Qing era representation of Sun Tzu, c. 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","t":"Fragments of ‘The Art of War’ discovered as a part of the Yinqueshan Han Slips, showing the version that was popular in Han dynasty (206 BC-220 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"},{"sp":"IMG","src":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"Ferguson Calthrop Translation, 1905"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"I"},{"ref":"3.1","t":"WRITTEN IN THE fifth century B.C. Suntzu and Wutzu still remain the most celebrated works on war in the literature of China. While the chariot has gone, and weapons have changed, these ancient masters have held their own, since they deal chiefly with the fundamental principles of war, with the influence of politics and human nature on military operations; and they show in a most striking way how unchanging these principles are."},{"ref":"3.2","t":"When these books were written, China was a conglomerate of principalities in continual ferment. Personal ambition and intrigue, and not the wishes of the people, were the main factors in these wars. Patriotism, or a popular cause, could not, therefore, be relied on to maintain the <em>moral</em> of the levies. Instead of these, what may be called the force of despair is pointed out as the most powerful agent in giving cohesion and energy to an army. The general is urged to take a vigorous offensive; and to act at a distance from his base, where defeat means disaster, and where desertion is minimised owing to the distance from home. He should, in fact, burn his boats before an action, or, in Chinese phrase, act as one who removes the ladder from under those mounted upon the roof."},{"ref":"3.3","t":"On the other hand, every care must be taken not to render the enemy desperate; and, as an instance of this, Sun observes that an opponent should on no account be completely surrounded. A loop-hole of escape weakens the resolution of the general and the energy of his troops."},{"ref":"3.4","t":"It is interesting to notice that <em>moral</em>, or the spirit of the troops, is thus considered a determining factor in war. The Chinese are perhaps unusually affected by climatic conditions. As is well known, the umbrella was part of a soldier’s equipment; and for the same reasons, the sunny side of high ground is recommended as most suitable for defence, tactical considerations permitting."},{"ref":"3.5","t":"The large number of bannermen in the Chinese army was out of all proportion to the service of standards in providing rallying points. The chief use of banners was to maintain the spirit of the troops. A forest of banners, held erect, gave a feeling of liveliness and security to the ranks, in the same way as a military band, and when Sun remarks that the march of an army should be calm like the forest, he is using a simile that is not inappropriate."},{"ref":"3.6","t":"Probably owing to the fact that the profession of arms has never been highly regarded in China, we find that the ruler of the state did not usually take the field, but employed a professional to command the army — one of the masters of war who wandered from state to state at that time with the secrets of victory to impart to the highest bidder. The question of political interference with the general in the field naturally arises under these conditions. The two sages point out, that to unite the nation under firm and just government is the business of the ruler and necessary to victory; but that the general is the best judge of the questions that arise on a distant field, and that all interference with him causes delay and disaster."},{"ref":"3.7","t":"War meaning ravage, it was essential that the operations should be conducted in the enemy’s territory. Once there, however, a vigorous offensive is no longer advised. “At first behave with the discretion of a maiden” is the counsel of Sun. The enemy must be induced to take the initiative, and when he is worn out by marching, or makes a false move, “then,” says the master, “dart in like a rabbit.”"},{"ref":"3.8","t":"Unlike the tactics of the Japanese, in whom the spirit of attack burns so strongly, those of Suntzu and Wutzu are essentially of the offensive-defensive order — manœuvre before fighting, and non-committal until the enemy has shown his hand. The business of the general is to avoid encounter in battle until the enemy is no longer capable of offering a successful resistance."},{"ref":"3.9","t":"The masters do not make, however, the mistake of advocating a passive defensive. Suntzu lays down that the division of the forces which this strategy involves, is to be everywhere weak, rendering the army liable to be taken in detail by the concentrated forces of the enemy. It is rather the defence which avoids battle by mobility and manœuvre, induces the enemy by stratagem to divide his forces, or act in conformity with our wishes, and then falls upon him."},{"ref":"3.10","t":"With regard to the tactics of the battlefield, the pitched battle, or, in other words, the frontal attack, is considered unworthy of the skilful general. The plan of attack should consist, broadly speaking, in the division of the army into two forces. The enemy is “attracted and engaged by one force, and defeated with the other;” and here we have the containing or secondary attack, and the main or reserve force which decides the battle of to-day — a most striking instance of the continuity of military principles."},{"ref":"3.11","t":"Considerable space is devoted to the influence of ground on war. The passage of defiles and rivers is still conducted in the same way. The many large rivers of China naturally affected military operations; and, among other axioms, it is laid down that the passage of a river should not be disputed, as the enemy will probably give up the attempt, and make the passage untouched at some other point, but that he should be attacked when half his force is across the stream. Again, an army should not encamp on a river below the enemy, as it is thereby liable to be inundated, or to have its water poisoned; or the enemy may come down stream and make a sudden attack."},{"ref":"3.12","t":"While both writers were professional soldiers, they show a fine disinterestedness by repeatedly pointing out that even successful war brings evil in its train. Wu remarks that “few are those who have gained power on earth by many victories,” and he is insistent that war should not be undertaken until a careful comparison of the two sides shows that victory is certain; and he adds, “The army which conquers makes certain of victory and then attacks, while the army that is defeated fights in the hope of success.”"},{"ref":"3.13","t":"Hence the importance they assign to intelligence of the enemy, and to the spy; and as the sages dealt with war between members of the same race, the work of spies was greatly facilitated. The spy was treated with great honour by his countrymen, and the fact that many of the national heroes of China were spies, shows that the part that they played was not forgotten. They frequently toiled for years, and rose to high rank in the enemy’s service; and thus, by wrong counsel and by spreading mistrust in his ranks, they became a two-edged sword in the hands of the general. “Wonderful, indeed, is their power,” exclaims Sun; but he also reminds us that their management is the most difficult and delicate duty of the general."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"II"},{"ref":"4.1","t":"SUN AND WU are perhaps held in even greater reverence in Japan than in China, where war is looked upon as a troublesome phase in national life, and victory in battle is not considered the greatest achievement of a state. Far otherwise is it in Japan; and successive generations of her soldiers have been brought up on Sun and Wu. Like other arts, mystery was formerly supposed to surround the art of war, a belief that was encouraged by the strategist; and for a considerable time, the few copies of this book, that were brought over from China to Japan, were jealously guarded by their possessors. Later, as they became known, an army of Japanese commentators arose — for Chinese literature is thought compressed, to be unfolded in the mind of the reader."},{"ref":"4.2","t":"To-day Sun and Wu have given way to the scientific works of European writers, but their sayings have become proverbs, and their influence undoubtedly helped the Japanese to victory in the late war. Belief in the importance of a knowledge of the enemy and his resources, of preparation and training, had grown out of a long study of these ancient masters; and since it was the vital importance of a successful issue to the Japanese which, after all, fired their resolution and carried them through, they proved the sage’s words that it is the energy, born of despair, that wins the victory."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"III"},{"ref":"5.1","t":"LITTLE IS KNOWN of the life of either master. They were in no sense patriots but professional strategists, continually changing their employer. Chinese history tells a famous story about Sun. A certain ruler asked Sun to give a practical demonstration of his principles in the neighbourhood of the palace, and entrusted him with the women of the court for this purpose. During the operations, the leader of one of the sides did not obey the master’s instructions, and her execution was ordered. She happened to be the king’s favourite wife, but Sun pointed out that the king’s wish that her life should be spared was a case of political interference with the general in the field; and the sentence was carried out."},{"ref":"5.2","t":"Wu is represented as a person of low moral character. On two separate occasions, for fear of giving rise to suspicion, he killed one of his wives who belonged to a state with which his employer at the time was at war; and, graver still in the eyes of the Chinese historian, he was not present at the death-bed of his mother."},{"ref":"5.3","t":"E. F. C."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"NOTE."},{"ref":"6.1","t":"THE TRANSLATOR IS indebted to Major J. C. Somerville for his kind help and criticism."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"I. PRELIMINARY RECKONING"},{"ref":"8.1","t":"THE WORDS OF Sun the Master: —"},{"ref":"8.2","t":"To all nations War is a great matter. Upon the army death or life depend: it is the means of the existence or destruction <em>of the State</em>."},{"ref":"8.3","t":"Therefore it must be diligently studied."},{"ref":"8.4","t":"Now, in war, besides stratagem and the situation, there are five indispensable matters. The first is called The Way;¹ the second, Heaven; the third, Earth; the fourth, the Leader; the fifth, Law."},{"ref":"8.5","t":"The <em>Way</em> or the proper conduct of man. If the ruling authority be upright, the people are united: fearless of danger, their lives are at the service of their Lord."},{"ref":"8.6","t":"<em>Heaven.</em> Yin and Yang;² heat and cold; time and season."},{"ref":"8.7","t":"<em>Earth.</em> Distance; nature; extent; strategic position."},{"ref":"8.8","t":"The <em>Leader</em>. Intelligence; truth; benevolence; courage and strictness."},{"ref":"8.9","t":"<em>Law.</em> Partition and ordering of troops."},{"ref":"8.10","t":"These things must be known by the leader: to know them is to conquer; to know them not is to be defeated."},{"ref":"8.11","t":"Further, with regard to these and the following seven matters, the condition of the enemy must be compared with our own."},{"ref":"8.12","t":"The seven matters are: —"},{"ref":"8.13","t":"The virtue of the prince; the ability of the general; natural advantages; the discipline of the armies; the strength of the soldiers; training of the soldiers; justice both in reward and punishment."},{"ref":"8.14","t":"Knowing these things, I can foretell the victor."},{"ref":"8.15","t":"If a general under me fight according to my plans, he always conquers, and I continue to employ him; if he differ from my plans, he will be defeated and dismissed from my service."},{"ref":"8.16","t":"Wherefore, with regard to the foregoing, considering that with us lies the advantage, and the generals agreeing, we create a situation which promises victory; but as the moment and method cannot be fixed beforehand, the plan must be modified according to circumstances."},{"ref":"8.17","t":"War is a thing of pretence: therefore, when capable of action, we pretend disability; when near to the enemy, we pretend to be far; when far away, we pretend to be near."},{"ref":"8.18","t":"Allure the enemy by giving him a small advantage. Confuse and capture him. If there be defects, give an appearance of perfection, and awe the enemy. Pretend to be strong, and so cause the enemy to avoid you. Make him angry, and confuse his plans. Pretend to be inferior, and cause him to despise you. If he have superabundance of strength, tire him out; if united, make divisions in his camp. Attack weak points, and appear in unexpected places."},{"ref":"8.19","t":"These are the secrets of the successful strategist, therefore they must not be made known beforehand."},{"ref":"8.20","t":"At the reckoning in the Sanctuary before fighting, victory is to the side that excels <em>in the foregoing matters</em>. They that have many of these will conquer; they that have few will not conquer; hopeless, indeed, are they that have none."},{"ref":"8.21","t":"If the condition of both sides with regard to these matters be known, I can foretell the victor."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"II. OPERATIONS OF WAR"},{"ref":"9.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"9.2","t":"Now the requirements of war are such that we need a thousand light chariots with four horses each; a thousand leather-covered chariots, and one hundred thousand armoured men; and we must send supplies to distant fields. Wherefore the cost at home and in the field, the entertainment of guests, glue and lacquer for repairs, and necessities for the upkeep of waggons and armour are such that in one day a thousand pieces of gold are spent. With that amount a force of one hundred thousand men can be raised: — you have the instruments of victory."},{"ref":"9.3","t":"But, even if victorious, let the operations long continue, and the soldiers’ ardour decreases, the weapons become worn, and, if a siege be undertaken, strength disappears."},{"ref":"9.4","t":"Again, if the war last long, the country’s means do not suffice. Then, when the soldiers are worn out, weapons blunted, strength gone and funds spent, neighbouring princes arise and attack that weakened country. At such a time the wisest man cannot mend the matter."},{"ref":"9.5","t":"For, while quick accomplishment has been known to give the victory to the unskilful, the skilful general has never gained advantage from lengthy operations."},{"ref":"9.6","t":"In fact, there never has been a country which has benefited from a prolonged war."},{"ref":"9.7","t":"He who does not know the evils of war will not reap advantage thereby. He who is skilful in war does not make a second levy, does not load his supply waggons thrice."},{"ref":"9.8","t":"War material and arms we obtain from home, but food sufficient for the army’s needs can be taken from the enemy."},{"ref":"9.9","t":"The cost of supplying the army in distant fields is the chief drain on the resources of a state: if the war be distant, the citizens are impoverished."},{"ref":"9.10","t":"In the neighbourhood of an army prices are high, and so the money of the soldiers and followers is used up. Likewise the state funds are exhausted, and frequent levies must be made; the strength of the army is dissipated, money is spent, the citizen’s home swept bare: in all, seven-tenths of his income is forfeited. Again, as regards State property, chariots are broken, horses worn out, armour and helmet, arrow and bow, spear, shield, pike and fighting tower, waggon and oxen used and gone, so that six-tenths of the Government’s income is spent."},{"ref":"9.11","t":"Therefore the intelligent general strives to feed on the enemy; one bale of the enemy’s rice counts as twenty from our own waggons; one bundle of the enemy’s forage is better than twenty of our own."},{"ref":"9.12","t":"Incitement must be given to vanquish the enemy."},{"ref":"9.13","t":"They who take advantage of the enemy should be rewarded."},{"ref":"9.14","t":"They who are the first to lay their hands on more than ten of the enemy’s chariots should be rewarded; the enemy’s standard on the chariots exchanged for our own; the captured chariots mixed with our own chariots and taken into use."},{"ref":"9.15","t":"The accompanying warriors must be treated well, so that, while the enemy is beaten, our side increases in strength."},{"ref":"9.16","t":"Now the object of war is victory; not lengthy operations, even skilfully conducted."},{"ref":"9.17","t":"The good general is the lord of the people’s lives, the guardian of the country’s welfare."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"III. THE ATTACK BY STRATAGEM"},{"ref":"10.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"10.2","t":"Now by the laws of war, better than defeating a country by fire and the sword, is to take it without strife."},{"ref":"10.3","t":"Better to capture the enemy’s army intact than to overcome it after fierce resistance."},{"ref":"10.4","t":"Better to capture the “Lu,”³ the “Tsu” or the “Wu” whole, than to destroy them in battle."},{"ref":"10.5","t":"To fight and conquer one hundred times is not the perfection of attainment, for the supreme art is to subdue the enemy without fighting."},{"ref":"10.6","t":"Wherefore the most skilful warrior outwits the enemy by superior stratagem; the next in merit prevents the enemy from uniting his forces; next to him is he who engages the enemy’s army; while to besiege his citadel is the worst expedient."},{"ref":"10.7","t":"A siege should not be undertaken if it can possibly be avoided. For, before a siege can be commenced, three months are required for the construction of stages, battering-rams and siege engines; then a further three months are required in front of the citadel, in order to make the “Chuyin.”⁴ Wherefore the general is angered, his patience exhausted, his men surge like ants against the ramparts <em>before the time is ripe</em>, and one-third of them are killed to no purpose. Such are the misfortunes that sieges entail."},{"ref":"10.8","t":"Therefore the master of war causes the enemy’s forces to yield, but without fighting; he captures his fortress, but without besieging it; and without lengthy fighting takes the enemy’s kingdom. Without tarnishing his weapons he gains the complete advantage."},{"ref":"10.9","t":"This is the assault by stratagem."},{"ref":"10.10","t":"By the rules of war, if ten times as strong as the enemy, surround him; with five times his strength, attack; with double his numbers, divide. If equal in strength, exert to the utmost, and fight; if inferior in numbers, manœuvre <em>and await the opportunity</em>; if altogether inferior, offer no chance of battle. A determined stand by inferior numbers does but lead to their capture."},{"ref":"10.11","t":"The warrior is the country’s support. If his aid be entire, the country is of necessity strong; if it be at all deficient, then is the country weak."},{"ref":"10.12","t":"Now a prince may embarrass his army in three ways, namely: —"},{"ref":"10.13","t":"Ignorant that the army in the field should not advance, to order it to go forward; or, ignorant that the army should not retreat, order it to retire."},{"ref":"10.14","t":"This is to tie the army as with a string."},{"ref":"10.15","t":"Ignorant of military affairs, to rule the armies in the same way as the state."},{"ref":"10.16","t":"This is to perplex the soldiers."},{"ref":"10.17","t":"Ignorant of the situation of the army, to settle its dispositions."},{"ref":"10.18","t":"This is to fill the soldiers with distrust."},{"ref":"10.19","t":"If the army be perplexed and distrustful, then dangers from neighbouring princes arise. The army is confounded, and offered up to the enemy."},{"ref":"10.20","t":"There are five occasions when victory can be foretold: —"},{"ref":"10.21","t":"When the general knows the time to fight and when not to fight; or understands when to employ large or small numbers; when government and people are of one mind; when the state is prepared, and chooses the enemy’s unguarded moment for attack; when the general possesses ability, and is not interfered with by his prince."},{"ref":"10.22","t":"These five things are the heralds of victory."},{"ref":"10.23","t":"It has been said aforetime that he who knows both sides has nothing to fear in a hundred fights; he who is ignorant of the enemy, and fixes his eyes only on his own side, conquers, and the next time is defeated; he who not only is ignorant of the enemy, but also of his own resources, is invariably defeated."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"IV. THE ORDER OF BATTLE"},{"ref":"11.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"11.2","t":"The ancient masters of war first made their armies invincible, then waited until the adversary could with certainty be defeated."},{"ref":"11.3","t":"The causes of defeat come from within; victory is born in the enemy’s camp."},{"ref":"11.4","t":"Skilful soldiers make defeat impossible, and further render the enemy incapable of victory."},{"ref":"11.5","t":"But, as it is written, the conditions necessary for victory may be present, but they cannot always be obtained."},{"ref":"11.6","t":"If victory be unattainable, we stand on the defensive; if victory be sure, we attack."},{"ref":"11.7","t":"Deficiency compels defence; super-abundance permits attack."},{"ref":"11.8","t":"The skilful in defence crouch, hidden in the deepest shades; the skilful in attack push to the topmost heaven.⁵"},{"ref":"11.9","t":"If these precepts be observed, victory is certain."},{"ref":"11.10","t":"A victory, even if popularly proclaimed as such by the common folk, may not be a true success. To win in fight, and for the kingdom to say, “Well done,” does not mark the summit of attainment. To lift an autumn fleece⁶ is no proof of strength; the eyes that only see the sun and moon are not the eagle’s; to hear the thunder is no great thing."},{"ref":"11.11","t":"As has been said aforetime, the able warrior gains the victory without desperate and bloody engagements, and wins thereby no reputation for wisdom or brave deeds. To fight is to win, for he attacks only when the enemy has sown the seeds of defeat."},{"ref":"11.12","t":"Moreover, the skilful soldier in a secure position does not let pass the moment when the enemy should be attacked."},{"ref":"11.13","t":"The army that conquers makes certain of victory, and then seeks battle."},{"ref":"11.14","t":"The army destined to defeat, fights, trusting that chance may bring success to its arms."},{"ref":"11.15","t":"The skilful leader is steadfast in the “Way”; upholds the Law, and thereby controls the issue."},{"ref":"11.16","t":"Touching the laws of war, it is said: first, the rule; second, the measure; third, the tables; fourth, the scales; fifth, the foretelling of victory."},{"ref":"11.17","t":"For the rule is the survey of land; the measure tells the amount of that land’s produce; the tables its population; from the scales their weight or quality is made known; and then can we calculate victory or defeat."},{"ref":"11.18","t":"The army that conquers as against the army destined to defeat, is as a beam against a feather in the scales. The attack of conquering forces is as the outburst of long-pent-up waters into sunken valleys."},{"ref":"11.19","t":"Such are the orders of battle."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"V. THE SPIRIT OF THE TROOPS"},{"ref":"12.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"12.2","t":"The control of large numbers is possible, and like unto that of small numbers, if we subdivide them."},{"ref":"12.3","t":"By means of drum, bell and flag,⁷ the direction of large forces in battle is possible, and like unto the direction of small forces."},{"ref":"12.4","t":"By the skilful interchange of normal and abnormal manœuvres are the armies certainly preserved from defeat."},{"ref":"12.5","t":"The enemy is crushed, like the fall of a grindstone upon an egg, by knowledge of his strength and weakness, and by the employment of truth and artifice."},{"ref":"12.6","t":"Moreover, in battle the enemy is engaged with the normal and defeated by the abnormal force.⁸"},{"ref":"12.7","t":"The abnormal force, skilfully handled, is like the heaven and earth, eternal; as the tides and the flow of rivers, unceasing; like the sun and moon, for ever interchanging; coming and passing, as the seasons."},{"ref":"12.8","t":"There are five notes; but by combinations, innumerable harmonies are produced. There are but five colours; but if we mix them, the shades are infinite. There are five tastes, but if we mix them there are more flavours than the palate can distinguish.⁹"},{"ref":"12.9","t":"In war there are but two forces, the normal and the abnormal; but they are capable of infinite variation. Their mutual interchange is like a wheel, having neither beginning or end. They are a mystery that none can penetrate."},{"ref":"12.10","t":"As the rush of rock-shouldering torrents, so is the spirit of the troops."},{"ref":"12.11","t":"Like the well-judged flight of the falcon, in a flash crushing its quarry, so should the stroke be timed."},{"ref":"12.12","t":"Wherefore the spirit of the good fighter is terrifying, his occasions sudden; like the stretched cross-bow, whose string is released at the touch of the trigger."},{"ref":"12.13","t":"In the maze and tumult of the battle, there is no confusion; in the thick of action the battle array is impenetrable."},{"ref":"12.14","t":"If discipline be perfect, disorder can be simulated; if truly bold, we can feign fear; if really strong, we can feign weakness."},{"ref":"12.15","t":"We simulate disorder by subdivision; fear, by spirit; weakness, by battle formation."},{"ref":"12.16","t":"We set the enemy in motion by adopting different formations to which he must conform."},{"ref":"12.17","t":"If we offer the enemy a point of advantage, he will certainly take it: we give him an advantage, set him in motion and then fall upon him."},{"ref":"12.18","t":"Wherefore the good fighter seeks victory from spirit, and does not depend entirely upon the skill of his men. He is careful in his choice, and leaves the rest to battle force; yet, when an opening or advantage shows, he pushes it to its limits."},{"ref":"12.19","t":"As a log or rock which, motionless on flat ground, yet moves with ever-increasing force when set on an incline, so await the opportunity, and so act when the opportunity arrives."},{"ref":"12.20","t":"If the general be skilful, the spirit of his troops is as the impetus of a round stone rolled from the top of a high mountain."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"VI. EMPTINESS AND STRENGTH"},{"ref":"13.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"13.2","t":"To be the first in the field, and there to await the enemy, is to husband strength."},{"ref":"13.3","t":"To be late, and hurrying to advance to meet the foe, is exhausting."},{"ref":"13.4","t":"The good fighter contrives to make the enemy approach; he does not allow himself to be beguiled by the enemy."},{"ref":"13.5","t":"By offering an apparent advantage, he induces the enemy to take up a position that will cause his defeat; he plants obstructions to dissuade him from acting in such a way as to threaten his own dispositions."},{"ref":"13.6","t":"If the enemy be at rest in comfortable quarters, harass him; if he be living in plenty, cut off his supplies; if sitting composedly awaiting attack, cause him to move."},{"ref":"13.7","t":"This may be done by appearing where the enemy is not, and assaulting unexpected points."},{"ref":"13.8","t":"If we go where the enemy is not, we may go a thousand leagues without exhaustion."},{"ref":"13.9","t":"If we attack those positions which the enemy has not defended, we invariably take them: but on the defence we must be strong, even where we are not likely to be attacked."},{"ref":"13.10","t":"Against those skilful in attack, the enemy does not know where to defend: against those skilful in defence, the enemy does not know where to attack."},{"ref":"13.11","t":"Now the secrets of the art of offence are not to be easily apprehended, as a certain shape or noise can be understood, of the senses; but when these secrets are once learnt, the enemy is mastered."},{"ref":"13.12","t":"We attack, and the enemy cannot resist, because we attack his insufficiency; we retire, and the enemy cannot pursue, because we retire too quickly."},{"ref":"13.13","t":"Again, when we are anxious to fight, but the enemy is serenely secure behind high walls and deep moats; we attack some such other place that he must certainly come out to relieve."},{"ref":"13.14","t":"When we do not want to fight, we occupy an unfortified line; and prevent the enemy from attacking by keeping him in suspense."},{"ref":"13.15","t":"By making feints, and causing the enemy to be uncertain as to our movements, we unite, whilst he must divide."},{"ref":"13.16","t":"We become one body; the enemy being separated into ten parts. We attack the divided ten with the united one. We are many, the enemy is few, and in superiority of numbers there is economy of strength."},{"ref":"13.17","t":"The place selected for attack must be kept secret. If the enemy know not where he will be attacked, he must prepare in every quarter, and so be everywhere weak."},{"ref":"13.18","t":"If the enemy strengthen his front, he must weaken his rear; if he strengthen his right, his left is weakened; and if he strengthen his left, his right is weakened."},{"ref":"13.19","t":"Everywhere to make preparations, is to be everywhere weak. The enemy is weakened by his extended preparations, and we gain in strength."},{"ref":"13.20","t":"Having decided on the place and day of attack, though the enemy be a hundred leagues away, we can defeat him."},{"ref":"13.21","t":"If the ground and occasion be not known, the front cannot help the rear; the left cannot support the right, nor the right the left, nor the rear the front. For on occasion, the parts of the army are two score leagues apart, while a distance of four or five leagues is comparatively close."},{"ref":"13.22","t":"The soldiers of Wu¹⁰ are less than the soldiers of Yueh; but as superiority in numbers does not of necessity bring victory, I say, then, that we may obtain the victory."},{"ref":"13.23","t":"If the enemy be many in number, prevent him from taking advantage of his superiority, and ascertain his plan of operations. Provoke the enemy and discover the state of his troops; feint and discover the strength of his position. Flap the wings, and unmask his sufficiency or insufficiency. By constant feints and excursions, we may produce on the enemy an impression of intangibility, which neither spies nor art can dispel."},{"ref":"13.24","t":"The general makes his plans in accordance with the dispositions of the enemy, and puts his hosts in motion; but the multitude cannot appreciate the general’s intention; they see the signs of victory, but they cannot discover the means."},{"ref":"13.25","t":"If a victory be gained by a certain stratagem, do not repeat it. Vary the stratagem according to circumstances."},{"ref":"13.26","t":"An army may be likened to water."},{"ref":"13.27","t":"Water leaves dry the high places, and seeks the hollows. An army turns from strength and attacks emptiness."},{"ref":"13.28","t":"The flow of water is regulated by the shape of the ground; victory is gained by acting in accordance with the state of the enemy."},{"ref":"13.29","t":"The shape of water is indeterminate; likewise the spirit of war is not fixed."},{"ref":"13.30","t":"The leader who changes his tactics in accordance with his adversary, and thereby controls the issue, may be called the God of war."},{"ref":"13.31","t":"Among the five elements¹¹ there is no settled precedence; the four seasons come and go; the days are long and short; and the moon waxes and wanes. <em>So in war there is no fixity.</em>"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"VII. BATTLE TACTICS"},{"ref":"14.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"14.2","t":"For the most part, military procedure is as follows: —"},{"ref":"14.3","t":"The general receives orders from his lord; assembles and settles harmony among the forces, and takes the field."},{"ref":"14.4","t":"There is nothing more difficult than Battle Tactics. Their difficulty lies in the calculation of time and distance, and the reversal of misfortune."},{"ref":"14.5","t":"To make the enemy take a circuitous route by a show of gain, and then, whilst starting after him, to arrive before him, is to be a master of the art of manœuvre."},{"ref":"14.6","t":"The operations of an army may reap advantage; the wrangles of a multitude are fraught with peril."},{"ref":"14.7","t":"Employing our whole force at one time in order to gain advantage over the enemy, we may not have time enough to gain our object. If we push on with a portion of the force only, the transport is lost. Discarding helmet and armour; stopping neither day nor night; marching double distance; doing double work; and finally contending with the enemy at a distance of a hundred leagues: results in the loss of the general. Since the strong men arrive first, and the tired drop in rear, only one-tenth of the forces is available."},{"ref":"14.8","t":"A forced march of fifty leagues to secure an advantage may result in failure to the leader of the vanguard, for only half his men will arrive."},{"ref":"14.9","t":"After a forced march of thirty leagues to secure an advantage, only two-thirds of the army will be available."},{"ref":"14.10","t":"Further, a lack of ammunition, of supplies, or of stores, may lead to disaster."},{"ref":"14.11","t":"The ruler who is ignorant of the designs of neighbouring princes, cannot treat with them."},{"ref":"14.12","t":"He who is ignorant of mountain and forest, defile and marsh, cannot lead an army."},{"ref":"14.13","t":"He who does not employ a guide, cannot gain advantage from the ground."},{"ref":"14.14","t":"Disguise your movements; await a favourable opportunity; divide or unite according to circumstance."},{"ref":"14.15","t":"Let your attack be swift as the wind; your march calm like the forest;¹² your occupation devastating as fire. In defence, as a mountain rest firm; like darkness impenetrable to the enemy. Let your movements be swift as the lightning."},{"ref":"14.16","t":"Let as many as possible take part in the plunder: distribute the profit from the captured territory."},{"ref":"14.17","t":"So he who understands the crooked and the straight way conquers."},{"ref":"14.18","t":"These are the methods of Battle Tactics."},{"ref":"14.19","t":"According to the ancient books on war, the drum and bell are used, because the voice does not carry; the flag is used to assist the sight. The use of bell, drum, banner and flag is to attract the united attention of eye and ear."},{"ref":"14.20","t":"When all are united, the strong are not left to go forward alone, the cowardly are not free to retreat unrestricted. In this way can a multitude be used."},{"ref":"14.21","t":"Therefore in night fighting, beacons and drums are largely used; in day fighting, a great number of banners and flags and the enemy’s eyes and ears are confounded."},{"ref":"14.22","t":"We thus awe his army, and defeat his general’s ambition."},{"ref":"14.23","t":"In the morning the spirits are keen; at midday there is a laziness; in the evening a desire to return. Wherefore, he who uses his soldiers well, avoids the time when the spirits are keen; but attacks the enemy when he is languid or seeking his camp."},{"ref":"14.24","t":"Thus should the nature of energy be turned to account."},{"ref":"14.25","t":"To oppose confusion with order, clamour with quiet, is to have the heart under control."},{"ref":"14.26","t":"To await an enemy from a distance, to oppose hunger with satiety, rest with fatigue, is the way to husband strength."},{"ref":"14.27","t":"Do not attack where lines of banners wave, nor the serried ranks of battle spread, but patiently await your time."},{"ref":"14.28","t":"Do not attack an enemy on high ground, nor one who has high ground at his back. Do not pursue an enemy who is imitating flight; do not attack a spirited enemy."},{"ref":"14.29","t":"If the enemy offer an allurement, do not take it."},{"ref":"14.30","t":"Do not interfere with an enemy who has struck camp, and is about to retire. When surrounding an enemy, allow him an outlet. Do not press a desperate enemy."},{"ref":"14.31","t":"These are the methods of employing troops."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"VIII. THE NINE CHANGES"},{"ref":"15.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"15.2","t":"In general, the procedure of war is: — the Leader, having received orders from his lord, assembles the armies."},{"ref":"15.3","t":"Do not camp on marshy or low-lying ground; enter into friendly relations with neighbouring states; do not linger in a far country; use stratagem in mountainous and wooded country; on death ground, fight."},{"ref":"15.4","t":"There are always roads that must be avoided; forces that must not be attacked; castles that must not be besieged; ground that must not be chosen for encounter; orders from the lord that must not be obeyed."},{"ref":"15.5","t":"The general who knows the Nine Changes understands the use of troops; on the contrary, he who does not understand them, can make no use of his topographical knowledge."},{"ref":"15.6","t":"In the management of armies, if the art of the Nine Changes be understood, a knowledge of the Five Advantages is of no avail."},{"ref":"15.7","t":"The wise man considers well both advantage and disadvantage. He sees a way out of adversity, and on the day of victory to danger is not blind."},{"ref":"15.8","t":"In reducing an enemy to submission, inflict all possible damage upon him; make him undertake useless adventures; also make neighbouring rulers move as you would desire them by tempting them with gain."},{"ref":"15.9","t":"Wherefore in the conduct of war do not depend on the enemy’s not coming, but rely on your own preparations; do not count on the enemy not attacking your fortress, but leave nothing undefended."},{"ref":"15.10","t":"Generals must be on their guard against these five dangerous faults: —"},{"ref":"15.11","t":"Blind impetuosity, which leads to death."},{"ref":"15.12","t":"Over-cautiousness, which leads to capture."},{"ref":"15.13","t":"Quick temper, which brings insult."},{"ref":"15.14","t":"A too rigid propriety, which invites disgrace."},{"ref":"15.15","t":"Over-regard for the troops, which causes inconvenience."},{"ref":"15.16","t":"These five faults in the leader are disastrous in war. The overthrow of the army and the slaughter of the general arise from them. Therefore they must be carefully considered."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"IX. MOVEMENT OF TROOPS"},{"ref":"16.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"16.2","t":"Touching the disposal of troops and observation of the enemy in relation to mountain warfare: —"},{"ref":"16.3","t":"Cross mountains and camp in valleys, selecting positions of safety."},{"ref":"16.4","t":"Place the army on high ground, and avoid an enemy in high places."},{"ref":"16.5","t":"In relation to water: —"},{"ref":"16.6","t":"After crossing waters, pass on immediately to a distance. When the enemy is crossing a stream, do not meet and engage him in the waters, but strike when half his force has passed over. Do not advance on an enemy near water, but place the army on high ground, and in safety."},{"ref":"16.7","t":"Do not fight when the enemy is between the army and the source of the river."},{"ref":"16.8","t":"With regard to marshes: —"},{"ref":"16.9","t":"Cross salty marshes quickly; do not linger near them."},{"ref":"16.10","t":"If by chance compelled to fight in the neighbourhood of a marsh, seek a place where there is water and grass, and trees in plenty in the rear."},{"ref":"16.11","t":"In open country place the army in a convenient place with rising ground in the right rear; so that while in front lies death, behind there is safety."},{"ref":"16.12","t":"Such is war in flat country."},{"ref":"16.13","t":"Huangti, by observing these things, gained the victory over four Princes."},{"ref":"16.14","t":"As a rule, the soldiers prefer high ground to low. They prefer sunny places to those the sun does not reach."},{"ref":"16.15","t":"If the health of the troops be considered, and they are encamped on high and sunny ground, diseases will be avoided, and victory made certain."},{"ref":"16.16","t":"If there be rising ground, encamp on its sunny side and in front of it; for thereby the soldiers are benefited, and the ground used to our advantage."},{"ref":"16.17","t":"If, owing to rains in the upper reaches, the river become turbulent, do not cross until the waters have quieted."},{"ref":"16.18","t":"Steep and impassable valleys; well-like places; confined places; tangled impenetrable ground; swamps and bogs; narrow passages with pitfalls: — quickly pass from these, and approach them not. Cause the enemy to approach near to them, but keep yourself from these places; face them, so that the enemy has them in his rear."},{"ref":"16.19","t":"If there be near to the army, precipices, ponds, meres, reeds and rushes, or thick forests and trees, search them thoroughly. These are places where the enemy is likely to be in ambush."},{"ref":"16.20","t":"When the enemy is close, but quiet, he is strong in reliance on natural defences."},{"ref":"16.21","t":"If the enemy challenge to fight from afar, he wishes you to advance."},{"ref":"16.22","t":"If the enemy be encamped in open country, it is with some special object in view."},{"ref":"16.23","t":"Movement among the trees shows that the enemy is advancing. Broken branches and trodden grass, as of the passing of a large host, must be regarded with suspicion."},{"ref":"16.24","t":"The rising of birds shows an ambush."},{"ref":"16.25","t":"Startled beasts show that the enemy is stealthily approaching from several sides."},{"ref":"16.26","t":"High, straight spurts of dust betoken that chariots are coming."},{"ref":"16.27","t":"Long, low masses of dust show the coming of infantry."},{"ref":"16.28","t":"Here and there, thin and high columns of dust are signs that firewood and fodder are being collected."},{"ref":"16.29","t":"Small clouds of dust moving to and fro are signs that the enemy is preparing to encamp for a short time."},{"ref":"16.30","t":"Busy preparations and smooth words show that the enemy is about to advance to attack."},{"ref":"16.31","t":"Big words, and the spurring forward of horsemen, are signs that the enemy is about to retire."},{"ref":"16.32","t":"An advance of the light chariots to the flanks of the camp is a sign that the enemy is coming forth to fight."},{"ref":"16.33","t":"Without consultation, suddenly to desire an armistice, is a mark of ulterior design."},{"ref":"16.34","t":"The passing to and fro of messengers, and the forming up of troops, show that the enemy has some movement on foot."},{"ref":"16.35","t":"An advance, followed by sudden retirement, is a lure to attack."},{"ref":"16.36","t":"When the enemy use their weapons to rest upon, they are hungry."},{"ref":"16.37","t":"If the drawers of water drink at the river, the enemy is suffering from thirst."},{"ref":"16.38","t":"Disregard of booty that lies ready at hand is a sign of exhaustion."},{"ref":"16.39","t":"The clustering of birds round a position shows that it is unoccupied."},{"ref":"16.40","t":"Voices calling in the night betoken alarm."},{"ref":"16.41","t":"Disorder in the army is a sign that the general is disregarded."},{"ref":"16.42","t":"A changing about of flags and banners is a sign that the army is unsettled."},{"ref":"16.43","t":"If the officers be angry, it is because the soldiers are tired, <em>and slow to obey</em>."},{"ref":"16.44","t":"The killing of horses for food shows that the enemy is short of provisions."},{"ref":"16.45","t":"When the cooking-pots are hung up on the wall and the soldiers turn not in again, the enemy is at an end of his resources."},{"ref":"16.46","t":"Exceeding graciousness and familiarity on the part of the general show that he has lost the confidence of the soldiers."},{"ref":"16.47","t":"Frequent rewards show that discipline is at an end."},{"ref":"16.48","t":"Frequent punishments are a sign that the general is in difficulties."},{"ref":"16.49","t":"The general who first blusters, and then is obsequious, is without perception."},{"ref":"16.50","t":"He who offers apologies and hostages is anxious for a truce."},{"ref":"16.51","t":"When both sides, eager for a fight, face each other for a considerable time, neither advancing nor retiring, the occasion requires the utmost vigilance and circumspection."},{"ref":"16.52","t":"Numbers are no certain mark of strength."},{"ref":"16.53","t":"Even if incapable of a headlong assault, if the forces be united, and the enemy’s condition ascertained, victory is possible."},{"ref":"16.54","t":"He who without taking thought makes light of the enemy is certain to be captured."},{"ref":"16.55","t":"If a general who is strange to the troops punish them, they cease to obey him. If they are not obedient, they cannot be usefully employed."},{"ref":"16.56","t":"If the troops know the general, but are not affected by his punishments, they are useless."},{"ref":"16.57","t":"By humane treatment we obtain obedience; authority brings uniformity. Thus we obtain victory."},{"ref":"16.58","t":"If the people have been trained in obedience from the beginning, they respect their leader’s commands."},{"ref":"16.59","t":"If the people be not early trained to obedience, they do not respect their leader’s commands."},{"ref":"16.60","t":"Orders are always obeyed, if general and soldiers are in sympathy."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"X. GROUND"},{"ref":"17.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"17.2","t":"With regard to the different natures of ground there are: —"},{"ref":"17.3","t":"Open ground; broken ground; suspended ground; defiles; precipices; far countries."},{"ref":"17.4","t":"Open ground is that where either side has liberty of movement: be quick to occupy any high ground in the neighbourhood and consider well the line of supplies."},{"ref":"17.5","t":"Broken ground. Advance is easy, but retreat from it is difficult. Here, if the enemy be not prepared, we may win: but should he be prepared, and defeat us, and retreat be impossible, then there is disaster."},{"ref":"17.6","t":"Suspended ground. The side that takes the initiative is under a disadvantage. Here, if the enemy offer some allurement, we should not advance: but rather, by feigning retreat, wait until he has put forth half his force. Then we may attack him with advantage."},{"ref":"17.7","t":"Defiles, make haste to occupy; garrison strongly and await the enemy. Should the enemy be before you, and in strength, do not engage him; but if there be unoccupied points, attack him."},{"ref":"17.8","t":"In precipitous ground quickly occupy a position on a sunny height, and await the enemy. If the enemy be before you, withdraw and do not attack him."},{"ref":"17.9","t":"If distant from the enemy, and the forces be equal, to take the initiative is disadvantageous."},{"ref":"17.10","t":"Now, these are the six kinds of ground. It is the duty of generals to study them."},{"ref":"17.11","t":"Again, there are six calamities among the troops, arising, not from defect of ground, or lack of opportunity, but from the general’s incapacity."},{"ref":"17.12","t":"These are: repulse, relaxation, distress, disorganisation, confusion and rout."},{"ref":"17.13","t":"If troops be sent to attack an enemy of equal quality, but ten times their number, they retire discomfited."},{"ref":"17.14","t":"Strong soldiers with weak officers cause relaxation."},{"ref":"17.15","t":"Able officers with feeble soldiers cause distress."},{"ref":"17.16","t":"Enraged senior officers, who fall upon the enemy without orders, and obey not the general because he does not recognise their abilities, produce disorganisation."},{"ref":"17.17","t":"Weak and amiable generals, whose directions and leadership are vague, whose officers’ and men’s duties are not fixed, and whose dispositions are contradictory, produce confusion."},{"ref":"17.18","t":"Generals, who are unable to estimate the enemy, who oppose small numbers to large, weakness to strength, and who do not put picked men in the van of the army, cause it to be routed."},{"ref":"17.19","t":"These six things lead to defeat. It is the duty of the general to study them carefully."},{"ref":"17.20","t":"Ground is the handmaid of victory."},{"ref":"17.21","t":"Ability to estimate the enemy, and plan the victory; an eye for steepness, command and distances: these are the qualities of the good general."},{"ref":"17.22","t":"Whosoever knows these things, conquers; he who understands them not, is defeated."},{"ref":"17.23","t":"If victory be certain from the military standpoint, fight, even if the lord forbid."},{"ref":"17.24","t":"If defeat be certain from the military standpoint, do not fight, even though the lord commands it."},{"ref":"17.25","t":"The general who advances, from no thought of his own glory, or retires, regardless of punishment; but only strives for the people’s welfare, and his lord’s advantage, is a treasure to the state."},{"ref":"17.26","t":"The good general cares for his soldiers, and lovingly treats them as his children; as a consequence they follow him through deep valleys, and are beside him in death."},{"ref":"17.27","t":"Nevertheless, over-care for the soldiers may cause disobedience; over-attention may make them unserviceable; over-indulgence may produce disorder: they become like spoilt children, and cannot be used."},{"ref":"17.28","t":"He who is confident of his own men, but is ignorant that the enemy should not be attacked, has no certainty of victory."},{"ref":"17.29","t":"He who knows that the enemy may be attacked with advantage, but knows not his own men, has no certainty of victory."},{"ref":"17.30","t":"Confidence in the troops, right judgment when to attack the enemy, but ignorance of the ground, bring uncertain victory."},{"ref":"17.31","t":"The wise soldier, once in motion, does not waver, and is never at a loss."},{"ref":"17.32","t":"As has been said: “Know thyself; know the enemy; fear not for victory.”"},{"ref":"17.33","t":"Also, if the season and the opportunity be realised, and the ground known, complete victory is certain."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"XI. THE NINE GROUNDS"},{"ref":"18.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"18.2","t":"In respect to the conduct of war there are: —"},{"ref":"18.3","t":"Distracting ground; disturbing ground; ground of contention; intersecting ground; path-ridden ground; deeply-involved ground; difficult ground; enclosed ground; death ground."},{"ref":"18.4","t":"At all times, when the prince fights in his own territory, it is called distracting¹³ ground."},{"ref":"18.5","t":"That ground a short way inside the enemy’s border is called disturbing ground."},{"ref":"18.6","t":"Ground giving advantage to whichever side is in possession, is called ground of contention."},{"ref":"18.7","t":"Ground to which either side has access, is called intersecting ground."},{"ref":"18.8","t":"Ground between three provinces first possession of which enables the peoples of the earth to be controlled, is called path-ridden ground."},{"ref":"18.9","t":"The interior of the enemy’s country with many of his fortified towns in rear, is called deeply-involved ground."},{"ref":"18.10","t":"Mountain and forest, precipices, ravines, marsh and swamp, all places where passage is hard, are called difficult ground."},{"ref":"18.11","t":"A narrow entrance and winding outlet, where a small number can oppose a large force, is called enclosed ground."},{"ref":"18.12","t":"That ground where delay means disaster, is called death ground."},{"ref":"18.13","t":"Wherefore, do not fight on distracting ground; do not linger on disturbing ground."},{"ref":"18.14","t":"If the enemy be in possession of disputed ground, do not attack."},{"ref":"18.15","t":"In intersecting ground, do not interrupt the highways."},{"ref":"18.16","t":"At the crossing of highways, cultivate intercourse."},{"ref":"18.17","t":"When deeply involved, levy and store up the enemy’s property."},{"ref":"18.18","t":"Quickly depart from difficult ground."},{"ref":"18.19","t":"On enclosed ground, use stratagem."},{"ref":"18.20","t":"On death ground, fight."},{"ref":"18.21","t":"The skilful fighters of old were at pains to disconnect the enemy’s front and rear; they cut asunder small and large forces of the enemy; prevented mutual help between his officers and men; spread mistrust between high and low. They scattered the enemy, and prevented him from concentrating; if his soldiers were assembled, they were without unity."},{"ref":"18.22","t":"If there be a chance of victory, move; if there be no chance of success, stand fast."},{"ref":"18.23","t":"If I were asked how a powerful and united force of the enemy should be met, I would say: lay hands on what the enemy cherishes and he will conform to our desires."},{"ref":"18.24","t":"In war, above all, speed sustains the spirit of the troops. Strike before the enemy is ready; and attack his unpreparedness from an unexpected quarter."},{"ref":"18.25","t":"With regard to war in foreign lands. When strangers in a far country the soldiers are united and are proof against defeat. Plunder fertile plains so that the army is fed; be careful of the health of the soldiers; do not tire them uselessly; unite their minds; store up strength; plan well and secretly. If there be no refuge the soldiers will not fly from death."},{"ref":"18.26","t":"If there be no alternative but death, the soldiers exert themselves to the utmost."},{"ref":"18.27","t":"In desperate places, soldiers lose the sense of fear."},{"ref":"18.28","t":"If there be no place of refuge, there will be no wavering."},{"ref":"18.29","t":"If deeply involved in the enemy’s country, there is unity."},{"ref":"18.30","t":"If it be unavoidable, the soldiers will fight their hardest. Even without warnings they are vigilant; they comply without insistence; without stipulations they are tractable; without explicit instructions they will trust the general and obey him."},{"ref":"18.31","t":"Prohibit the discussion of signs and omens, and remove the soldiers’ doubts; then to the moment of death they will be undistracted."},{"ref":"18.32","t":"Riches are denied the soldiers, not because money is a bad thing; old age is forbidden them, but not because long life is evil. Hardships and danger are the proper lot of the soldier."},{"ref":"18.33","t":"When the order for attack is given, the collars of those who are sitting may be wet with tears; tears may roll down the cheeks of those reclining; yet these men, in a desperate place, will fight with the courage of Chu and Kuei."},{"ref":"18.34","t":"Soldiers should be used like the snakes on Mt. Chang; which, if you hit on the head, the tail will strike you; if you hit the tail, the head will strike you; if you strike its middle, head and tail will strike you together."},{"ref":"18.35","t":"Should any one ask me whether men can be made to move like these snakes, I say, yes. The men of Wu and Yueh hate each other; yet, if they cross a river in the same boat and a storm overtake them, they help each other like the two hands."},{"ref":"18.36","t":"The horses may be tied, and the chariot wheels sunk in the mud; but that does not prevent flight."},{"ref":"18.37","t":"Universal courage and unity depend on good management."},{"ref":"18.38","t":"The best results from both the weak and strong are obtained by a proper use of the ground."},{"ref":"18.39","t":"The skilful warrior can lead his army, as a man leads another by the hand, because he places it in a desperate position."},{"ref":"18.40","t":"The general should be calm, inscrutable, just and prudent. He should keep his officers and men in ignorance of his plans, and inform no one of any changes or fresh departures. By changing his camps, and taking devious and unexpected routes, his plans cannot be guessed."},{"ref":"18.41","t":"As one taking away the ladder from under those mounted upon the roof, so acts the general when his men are assembled to fight. He penetrates into the heart of the enemy’s country and then divulges his plans. He drives the army hither and thither like a flock of sheep, knowing not whither they go."},{"ref":"18.42","t":"Therefore the general should assemble the armies, and place them in a desperate position."},{"ref":"18.43","t":"The different natures of the Nine Grounds; the suiting of the means to the occasion; the hearts of men: these are things that must be studied."},{"ref":"18.44","t":"When deep in the interior of a hostile country, there is cohesion; if only on the borders, there is distraction. To leave home and cross the borders is to be free from interference."},{"ref":"18.45","t":"On distracting ground, unite the soldiers’ minds."},{"ref":"18.46","t":"On disturbing ground, keep together."},{"ref":"18.47","t":"On disputed ground, try to take the enemy in rear."},{"ref":"18.48","t":"On intersecting ground, look well to the defences."},{"ref":"18.49","t":"On path-ridden ground, cultivate intercourse."},{"ref":"18.50","t":"On deeply-involved ground be careful of supplies."},{"ref":"18.51","t":"On difficult ground, do not linger."},{"ref":"18.52","t":"On enclosed ground, close the path of escape."},{"ref":"18.53","t":"On death ground, show the soldiers that there is no chance of survival."},{"ref":"18.54","t":"It is the nature of soldiers to defend when surrounded, to fight with energy when compelled thereto, to pursue the enemy if he retreat."},{"ref":"18.55","t":"He cannot treat with other rulers who knows not their ambitions."},{"ref":"18.56","t":"He who knows not mountain and forest; cliffs; ravines; lakes and marshes; cannot conduct an army."},{"ref":"18.57","t":"He who does not use guides, cannot take advantage of the ground."},{"ref":"18.58","t":"He who has not a complete knowledge of the Nine Grounds, cannot gain military dominion."},{"ref":"18.59","t":"The great general, when attacking a powerful nation, prevents the enemy from concentrating his hosts."},{"ref":"18.60","t":"He overawes the enemy so that other states cannot join against him."},{"ref":"18.61","t":"He does not struggle for the favour of other states; nor is he careful of their rights. He has confidence in himself, and awes the enemy."},{"ref":"18.62","t":"Therefore he easily takes the fortress, or reduces the country to subjection."},{"ref":"18.63","t":"In the bestowal of rewards, or in his orders, he is not bound by ancient rule."},{"ref":"18.64","t":"He manages his forces as though they were one man."},{"ref":"18.65","t":"Orders should direct the soldiers; but while what is advantageous should be made known, what is disadvantageous should be concealed."},{"ref":"18.66","t":"If the forces be plunged into danger, there is survival; from death ground there is retrieval; for the force in danger gains the victory."},{"ref":"18.67","t":"Discover the enemy’s intentions by conforming to his movements. When these are discovered, then, with one stroke, the general may be killed, even though he be one hundred leagues distant."},{"ref":"18.68","t":"When war is declared, close the barriers; destroy passports; prevent the passage of the enemy’s spies; conduct the business of the government with vigilance."},{"ref":"18.69","t":"Take immediate advantage of the enemy’s weakness; discover what he most values, and plan to seize it."},{"ref":"18.70","t":"Shape your plans according to rule, and the circumstances of the enemy."},{"ref":"18.71","t":"At first behave with the discretion of a maiden; then, when the enemy gives an opening, dart in like a rabbit."},{"ref":"18.72","t":"The enemy cannot defend himself."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"XII. ASSAULT BY FIRE"},{"ref":"19.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"19.2","t":"There are five ways of attack by fire:"},{"ref":"19.3","t":"The first is called barrack burning; the second, commissariat burning; the third, equipment burning; the fourth, store burning; the fifth, the company burning."},{"ref":"19.4","t":"The moment for the fire assault must be suitable. Further, appliances must always be kept at hand."},{"ref":"19.5","t":"There is a time and day proper for the setting and carrying out of the fire assault; namely: such time as the weather is dry; and a day when the moon is in the quarters of the stars Chi, Pi, I, Chen: for these are days of wind."},{"ref":"19.6","t":"Regard well the developments that will certainly arise from the fire, and act upon them. When fire breaks out inside the enemy’s camp, thrust upon him with all speed from without; but if his soldiers be quiet, wait, and do not attack."},{"ref":"19.7","t":"When the fire is at its height, attack or not, as opportunity may arise."},{"ref":"19.8","t":"If the opportunity be favourable, set fire to the enemy’s camp, and do not wait for it to break out from within."},{"ref":"19.9","t":"When fire breaks out on the windward side, do not attack from the leeward."},{"ref":"19.10","t":"Wind that rises in the day lasts long. Wind that rises in the night time quickly passes away."},{"ref":"19.11","t":"The peculiarities of the five burnings must be known, and the calendar studied, and, if the attack is to be assisted, the fire must be unquenchable."},{"ref":"19.12","t":"If water is to assist the attack, the flood must be overwhelming."},{"ref":"19.13","t":"Water may isolate or divide the enemy; fire may consume his camp; but unless victory or possession be obtained, the enemy quickly recovers, and misfortunes arise. The war drags on, and money is spent."},{"ref":"19.14","t":"Let the enlightened lord consider well; and the good general keep the main object in view. If no advantage is to be gained thereby, do not move; without prospect of victory, do not use the soldiers; do not fight unless the state be in danger."},{"ref":"19.15","t":"War should not be undertaken because the lord is in a moment of passion. The general must not fight because there is anger in his heart."},{"ref":"19.16","t":"Do not make war unless victory may be gained thereby; if there be prospect of victory, move; if there be no prospect, do not move."},{"ref":"19.17","t":"For passion may change to gladness, anger passes away; but a country, once overturned, cannot be restored; the dead cannot be brought to life."},{"ref":"19.18","t":"Wherefore it is written, the enlightened lord is circumspect, and the good general takes heed; then is the state secure, and the army victorious in battle."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"XIII. THE EMPLOYMENT OF SPIES"},{"ref":"20.1","t":"SUN THE MASTER said: —"},{"ref":"20.2","t":"Calling 100,000 men to arms, and transporting them a hundred leagues, is such an undertaking that in one day 1,000 taels of the citizens’ and nobles’ money are spent; commotions arise within and without the state; carriers fall down exhausted on the line of march of the army; and the occupations of 700,00014 homes are upset."},{"ref":"20.3","t":"Again, for years the armies may face each other; yet the issue may depend on a single day’s victory."},{"ref":"20.4","t":"Wherefore, by grudging slight expense in titles and salaries to spies, to remain in ignorance of the enemy’s circumstances, is to be without humanity. Such a person is no general; he is no assistance to his lord; he is no master of victory."},{"ref":"20.5","t":"The enlightened ruler and the wise general who act, win, and are distinguished beyond the common, are informed beforehand."},{"ref":"20.6","t":"This knowledge is not to be got by calling on gods and demons; nor does it come of past experience nor calculation. It is through men that knowledge of the enemy is gained."},{"ref":"20.7","t":"Now the five kinds of spies are these: village spies, inner spies, converted spies, death spies, living spies."},{"ref":"20.8","t":"If these five means be employed simultaneously, none can discover their working. This is called the Mysterious Thread: it is the Lord’s Treasure."},{"ref":"20.9","t":"Village spies are such people of the country as give information."},{"ref":"20.10","t":"Inner spies are those of the enemy’s officials employed by us."},{"ref":"20.11","t":"Converted spies are those of the enemy’s spies in our pay."},{"ref":"20.12","t":"Death¹⁵ spies are sent to misinform the enemy, and to spread false reports through our spies already in the enemy’s lines."},{"ref":"20.13","t":"Living spies¹⁶ return to report."},{"ref":"20.14","t":"In connection with the armies, spies should be treated with the greatest kindness; and in dealing out reward, they should receive the most generous treatment. All matters relating to spies are secret."},{"ref":"20.15","t":"Without infinite capacity in the general, the employment of spies is impossible. Their treatment requires benevolence and uprightness. Except they be observed with the closest attention, the truth will not be obtained from them."},{"ref":"20.16","t":"Wonderful indeed is the power of spies."},{"ref":"20.17","t":"There is no occasion when they cannot be used."},{"ref":"20.18","t":"If a secret matter be spoken of before the time is ripe, the spy who told the matter, and the man who repeated the same, should be put to death."},{"ref":"20.19","t":"If desirous of attacking an army; of besieging a fortress; or of killing a certain person; first of all, learn the names of the general in charge; of his right-hand¹⁷ men; of those who introduce visitors to the Presence; of the gate keeper and the sentries. Then set the spies to watch them."},{"ref":"20.20","t":"Seek out the enemy’s spies who come to spy on us; give them money; cause them to be lodged and cared for; and convert them to the service. Through them we are enabled to obtain spies among the enemy’s villagers and officials."},{"ref":"20.21","t":"By means of the converted spy, we can construct a false story for the death spy to carry to the enemy."},{"ref":"20.22","t":"It is through the converted spy that we are able to use the five varieties, to their utmost advantage; therefore he must be liberally treated."},{"ref":"20.23","t":"In ancient times the rise to power of the province of Yin was due to Ichih, who was sent to the country of Hsia. Likewise during the foundation of the state of Chu, Luya lived among the people of Shang."},{"ref":"20.24","t":"Wherefore, intelligent rulers and wise generals use the cleverest men as spies, and invariably acquire great merit. The spy is a necessity to the army. Upon him the movement of the army depends."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"I. THE GOVERNMENT OF A COUNTRY"},{"ref":"23.1","t":"AND WU THE Master said: —"},{"ref":"23.2","t":"The mighty rulers of old first trained their retainers, and then extended their regard to their outlying feudatories."},{"ref":"23.3","t":"There are four discords: —"},{"ref":"23.4","t":"Discord in the state: then never make war."},{"ref":"23.5","t":"Discord in the army: then do not strike camp."},{"ref":"23.6","t":"Discord in the camp: then do not advance to attack."},{"ref":"23.7","t":"Discord in the battle array: then seek not to decide the issue."},{"ref":"23.8","t":"Therefore, wise rulers who would employ their subjects in great endeavours, should first establish harmony among them."},{"ref":"23.9","t":"Lend not a ready ear to human counsellors, but lay the matter before the altar; seek inside the turtle,¹⁹ and consider well the time and season. Then, if all be well, commit ourselves to the undertaking."},{"ref":"23.10","t":"If the people know that their lord is careful of their lives, and laments their death beyond all else; then, in the time of danger, the soldiers advance, and, advancing, find glory in death; and in survival after retreat, dishonour."},{"ref":"23.11","t":"The Master said: —"},{"ref":"23.12","t":"The Way must follow the only true path: righteousness lies at the root of achievement and merit."},{"ref":"23.13","t":"The object of stratagem is to avoid loss and gain advantage."},{"ref":"23.14","t":"The object of government is to guard enterprise and to preserve the state."},{"ref":"23.15","t":"If conduct depart from the Way, and the undertaking accord not with righteousness, then disaster befalls the mighty."},{"ref":"23.16","t":"Therefore, wise men maintain order by keeping in the Way, and governing with righteousness; they move with discretion, and with benevolence they make the people amenable."},{"ref":"23.17","t":"If these four virtues be practised, there is prosperity; if they be neglected, there is decay."},{"ref":"23.18","t":"For, when Lord Tang of Cheng defeated Lord Chieh, the people of Hsia rejoiced, and when Wu of Chou defeated Lord Chou, the people of Yin were not discomfited. And this was because it was ordained by Providence and human desire."},{"ref":"23.19","t":"The Master said: —"},{"ref":"23.20","t":"In the government of a country and command of an army, the inculcation of propriety, stimulation of righteousness, and the promotion of a sense of shame are required."},{"ref":"23.21","t":"When men possess a sense of shame, they will attack with resolution when in strength, and when few in number defend to the last."},{"ref":"23.22","t":"But while victory is easy in attack, it is difficult in defence."},{"ref":"23.23","t":"Now, of the fighting races below heaven; those who gained five victories have been worn out; those who have won four victories have been impoverished; three victories have given dominion; two victories have founded a kingdom; and upon one victory an empire has been established."},{"ref":"23.24","t":"For those who have gained power on earth by many victories are few; and those who have lost it, many."},{"ref":"23.25","t":"The Master said: —"},{"ref":"23.26","t":"The causes of war are five: —"},{"ref":"23.27","t":"First, ambition; second, profit; third, overburdened hate; fourth, internal disorder; fifth, famine."},{"ref":"23.28","t":"Again, the natures of war are five: —"},{"ref":"23.29","t":"First, a righteous war; second, a war of might; third, a war of revenge; fourth, a war of tyranny; fifth, an unrighteous war."},{"ref":"23.30","t":"The prevention of tyranny and the restoration of order is just; to strike in reliance on numbers is oppression; to raise the standard for reasons of anger is a war of revenge; to quit propriety, and seize advantage is tyranny; when the state is disordered and the people worn out, to harbour designs, and set a multitude in motion, is a war of unrighteousness."},{"ref":"23.31","t":"There is a way of overcoming each of these five."},{"ref":"23.32","t":"Righteousness is overcome by propriety; might by humanity; revenge by words; tyranny by deception; unrighteousness by strategy."},{"ref":"23.33","t":"Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"23.34","t":"“I would know the way to control an army, to measure men, and make the country strong.”"},{"ref":"23.35","t":"Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"23.36","t":"“The enlightened rulers of antiquity respected propriety between sovereign and people; established etiquette between high and low; settled officials and citizens in close accord; gave instruction in accordance with custom; selected men of ability, and thereby provided against what should come to pass."},{"ref":"23.37","t":"“In ancient times, Prince Huan of Chi assembled 50,000 men at arms, and became chief among the princes; Prince Wen of Chin put 40,000 mighty men in the van, and gained his ambition; Prince Mu of Chin gathered together 30,000 invincibles, and subdued his neighbouring foes. Wherefore, the princes of powerful states must consider their people, and assemble the valiant and spirited men by companies."},{"ref":"23.38","t":"“Those who delight to attack, and to display their valour and fealty should be formed in companies."},{"ref":"23.39","t":"“Those skilful in scaling heights, or covering long distances, and who are quick and light of foot must be collected in companies."},{"ref":"23.40","t":"“Retainers who have lost their rank, and who are desirous of displaying their prowess before their superiors should be gathered into companies."},{"ref":"23.41","t":"“Those who have abandoned a castle, or deserted their trust, and are desirous of atoning for their misconduct, should be collected and formed into companies."},{"ref":"23.42","t":"“These five bodies form the flower of the army. With 3,000 of such troops, if they issue from within, an encompassing enemy can be burst asunder; if they enter from without, a castle can be overthrown.”"},{"ref":"23.43","t":"Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"23.44","t":"“I desire to know how to fix the battle array, render defence secure, and attack with certainty of victory.”"},{"ref":"23.45","t":"Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"23.46","t":"“To see with the eye is better than ready words. Yet, I say, if the wise men be put in authority and the ignorant in low places, then the army is already arranged."},{"ref":"23.47","t":"“If the people be free from anxiety about their estates, and love their officials, then defence is already secure."},{"ref":"23.48","t":"“If all the lieges be proud of their lord, and think ill of neighbouring states, then is the battle already won.”"},{"ref":"23.49","t":"The Lord Wen once assembled a number of his subjects to discuss affairs of state: and none could equal him in wisdom, and when he left the council chamber his face was pleased."},{"ref":"23.50","t":"Then Wu advanced and said: —"},{"ref":"23.51","t":"In ancient times, Lord Chuang of Chu once consulted with his lieges, and none were like unto him in wisdom; and when the Lord left the council chamber his countenance was troubled. Then the Duke Shen asked and said: “Why is my Lord troubled?” And he answered: “I have heard that the world is never without sages, and that in every country there are wise men; that good advisers are the foundation of an empire; and friends of dominion. Now, if I, lacking wisdom, have no equal among the multitude of my officers, dangerous indeed is the state of Chu. It grieves me that whereas Prince Chuang of Chu was troubled in a like case my Lord should be pleased.”"},{"ref":"23.52","t":"And hearing this Lord Wen was inwardly troubled."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"II. ESTIMATION OF THE ENEMY"},{"ref":"24.1","t":"AND LORD WEN said to Wu: —"},{"ref":"24.2","t":"“Chin threatens us on the west; Chu surrounds us on the south; Chao presses us in the north; Chi watches us in the east; Yen stops our rear, and Han is posted in our front. Thus, the armies of six nations encompass us on every side, and our condition is very unpropitious. Canst thou relieve my anxiety?”"},{"ref":"24.3","t":"Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"24.4","t":"“The path of safety of a state lies first of all in vigilance. Now my Lord has already taken warning, wherefore misfortunes are yet distant."},{"ref":"24.5","t":"“Let me state the habits of these six countries. The forces of Chi are weighty but without solidity; the soldiers of Chin are scattered, and fight each of his own accord: the army of Chu is well ordered, but cannot endure: the soldiers of Yen defend well, but are without dash: the armies of the three Chins are well governed, but cannot be used."},{"ref":"24.6","t":"“The nature of Chi is stubborn and the country rich, but prince and officials are proud and luxurious, and neglectful of the common people; government is loose and rewards not impartial; in one camp there are two minds; the front is heavy, but the rear is light. Therefore it is ponderous without stability. To attack it, the force must be divided into three parts, and, by threatening it on three sides, its front can be broken."},{"ref":"24.7","t":"“The nature of Chin is strong, the country rugged, and the government firm; rewards and punishments just, the people indomitable, and all have the fighting spirit; wherefore, when separated, each fights of his own accord."},{"ref":"24.8","t":"“To defeat this people, they must first be tempted by gain to leave their cause, so that the soldiers, greedy of profit, desert their general: then, taking advantage of their disobedience, their scattered forces can be chased, ambushes laid, favourable opportunities taken, and their general captured."},{"ref":"24.9","t":"“The nature of Chu is weak, its territory wide, the government weak, and the people exhausted; the troops are well ordered but of short endurance."},{"ref":"24.10","t":"“The way to defeat them is to assault their camp, throw it into confusion and crush their spirit, advance softly, and retire quickly; tire them out, avoid a serious encounter, and they may be defeated."},{"ref":"24.11","t":"“The nature of Yen is straightforward; its people are cautious, loving courage and righteousness, and without guile; wherefore they defend but are not daring."},{"ref":"24.12","t":"“The way to defeat them is to draw close and press them; tease them and pass to a distance; move quickly, and appear in the rear, thus causing bewilderment to their officers and fear in their ranks. Our chariots and horsemen will act with circumspection and avoid encounter. Thus their general can be captured."},{"ref":"24.13","t":"“The three Chins are the middle kingdom: their nature is peaceful and their rule just. Their people are tired of war; their troops are trained, but their leaders are despised; pay is small, and the soldiers lack the spirit of sacrifice, thus they are well governed but cannot be used."},{"ref":"24.14","t":"“The way to defeat them is to threaten them from afar. If a multitude attack — defend; if they retreat — pursue, and tire them out."},{"ref":"24.15","t":"“In every army there are mighty warriors with strength to lift the Censer, swifter of foot than the war horse; who can take the enemy’s standard, or slay his general. If such men be selected, and set apart, cared for and honoured, they are the life of the army."},{"ref":"24.16","t":"“Those who use the five arms²⁰ with skill, who are clever, strong and quick, and careless of the enemy, should be given rank and decoration, and used to decide the victory. Their parents and families should be cared for, encouraged by rewards, and kept in fear of punishment. These men consolidate the battle array; their presence causes endurance."},{"ref":"24.17","t":"“If these men be well selected, double their number can be defeated.”"},{"ref":"24.18","t":"And Lord Wen said: —"},{"ref":"24.19","t":"“It is good!”"},{"ref":"24.20","t":"Wu the Master said: —"},{"ref":"24.21","t":"“In the estimation of the enemy there are eight cases when, without consulting the oracles, he may be attacked."},{"ref":"24.22","t":"“First, an enemy who, in great wind and cold, has risen early, started forth across ice and rivers, and braved stress and hardships."},{"ref":"24.23","t":"“Second, an enemy who, in the height of summer, and in great heat, has risen early, has travelled incessantly, is hungry and without water, and is striving to reach a distance."},{"ref":"24.24","t":"“Third, an enemy who has been encamped long in one place, who is without provisions, when the farmers are vexed and indignant, who has suffered frequent calamities, and whose officers are unable to establish confidence."},{"ref":"24.25","t":"“Fourth, when the enemy’s funds are exhausted, fuel and fodder scarce; when the heavens have been overcast by long continued rain; when there is the desire to loot, but no place to loot withal."},{"ref":"24.26","t":"“Fifth, when their numbers are few; when water is scarce; when men and horses are scourged by pestilence, and from no quarter is succour at hand."},{"ref":"24.27","t":"“Sixth, when night falls, and the way is yet far; when officers and men are worn out and fearful, weary and without food, and have laid aside their armour and are resting."},{"ref":"24.28","t":"“Seventh, when the general’s authority is weak, the officials false, and the soldiers unsettled; when their army has been alarmed, and no help is forthcoming."},{"ref":"24.29","t":"“Eighth, when the battle formation is not yet fixed, or camp pitched; when climbing a hill, or passing through a difficult place; when half is hidden and half exposed."},{"ref":"24.30","t":"“An enemy in these situations may be smitten without hesitation."},{"ref":"24.31","t":"“There are six enemies, that, without consulting oracles, should be avoided."},{"ref":"24.32","t":"“First, wide and vast territories, and a large and rich population."},{"ref":"24.33","t":"“Second, where the officials care for the people, and bestow bountiful favours and rewards."},{"ref":"24.34","t":"“Third, where rewards are well deserved, punishment accurately apportioned, and operations undertaken only when the time is fitting."},{"ref":"24.35","t":"“Fourth, where merit is recognised and given rank, wise men appointed, and ability employed."},{"ref":"24.36","t":"“Fifth, where the troops are many and their weapons excellent."},{"ref":"24.37","t":"“Sixth, when help is at hand on every side, or from a powerful ally."},{"ref":"24.38","t":"“For, if the enemy excel in the foregoing, he must be avoided without hesitation. As it is written, if it be judged good, advance; if it be known to be difficult, retreat.”"},{"ref":"24.39","t":"And Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"24.40","t":"“I desire to know how the interior of the enemy can be known from his outer appearance; the form of his camp by observing his advance, and how victory may be determined?”"},{"ref":"24.41","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"24.42","t":"“If the coming of the enemy be reckless like roaring waters, his banners and pennons disordered, and horses and men frequently looking behind, then ten can be struck with one. Panic will certainly seize them."},{"ref":"24.43","t":"“Before the various princes have assembled, before harmony has been established between lord and lieges, before ditches have been dug, or regulations established, and the army is alarmed; wishing to advance, but unable; wishing to retreat, but unable: then the force can strike twice their numbers, and in a hundred fights there is no fear of retreat.”"},{"ref":"24.44","t":"Lord Wen asked: —"},{"ref":"24.45","t":"“How can the enemy be certainly defeated?”"},{"ref":"24.46","t":"Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"24.47","t":"“Make certain of the enemy’s real condition and quickly strike his weak point; strike an enemy who has just arrived from afar, before his ranks are arranged; or one who has eaten and has not completed his dispositions; or an enemy who is hurrying about, or is busily occupied; or has not made favourable use of the ground, or has let pass the opportunity; or one who has come a long distance, and those in rear are late and have not rested."},{"ref":"24.48","t":"“Strike an enemy who is half across waters; or who is on a difficult or narrow road; or whose flags and banners are in confusion; or who is frequently changing position; or whose general is not in accord with the soldiers; or who is fearful."},{"ref":"24.49","t":"“All such should be assaulted by the picked men; and the remainder of the army should be divided, and follow after them. They may be attacked at once without hesitation.”"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"III. CONTROL OF THE ARMY"},{"ref":"25.1","t":"LORD WEN SAID: —"},{"ref":"25.2","t":"“What is of first importance in operations of war?”"},{"ref":"25.3","t":"Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"25.4","t":"“Lightness, of which there are four natures, Weight, of which there are two natures, and Confidence must be clearly comprehended.”"},{"ref":"25.5","t":"And Wen said: —"},{"ref":"25.6","t":"“What are these?”"},{"ref":"25.7","t":"And Wu answered: —"},{"ref":"25.8","t":"“If the way be easy, the horses are light of foot; if the horses be light of foot, the chariots travel freely; if the chariots travel easily, men can ride in them without difficulty; if the men be free to move, the fight prospers. If the difficult and easy ways be known, the horses are lightened; if the horses be fed at proper intervals, the chariots are swift; if there be plenty of oil on the axles of the chariots, the riders are quickly conveyed; if the spears be sharp and the armour strong, the men make the fight easy."},{"ref":"25.9","t":"“Large rewards in advance, heavy punishment in retreat, and impartiality in their bestowal are required."},{"ref":"25.10","t":"“He who well understands these things is the master of victory.”"},{"ref":"25.11","t":"And Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"25.12","t":"“By what means can the army gain the victory?”"},{"ref":"25.13","t":"And Wu answered: —"},{"ref":"25.14","t":"“The foundation of victory is good government.”"},{"ref":"25.15","t":"Again, Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"25.16","t":"“Is it not determined by numbers?”"},{"ref":"25.17","t":"And Wu replied: —"},{"ref":"25.18","t":"“If laws and orders be not clear; if rewards and punishments be not just; if the bell be sounded and they halt not, or drum be beaten and men do not advance; even if there be a hundred thousand men at arms, they are of no avail."},{"ref":"25.19","t":"“Where there is order, then there is propriety at rest, and dignity in motion; none can withstand the attack, and retreat forbids pursuit; motion is regulated, and movements to right and left are made in answer to the signal; if the ranks be cut asunder, formation is preserved; if scattered, they are maintained; in fortune or in danger, there is unity; if a number be collected, they cannot be separated; they may be used but not wearied; in whatever situation they are placed, nothing under heaven can withstand them. The army may be called a father and his children.”"},{"ref":"25.20","t":"And Wu said: —"},{"ref":"25.21","t":"“In marching, movements and halts must be properly adjusted, suitable occasions for rationing not missed; the strength of men and horses not exhausted. If these three things be observed, the commands of the superior can be carried out; if the commands of the superior be carried out, order is maintained. If advances and halts be without method, victualling unsuitable, horses and men tired and weary — neither unsaddled or housed — it is because the orders cannot be obeyed; if the orders be set aside, there is disorder in the camp, and in battle — defeat.”"},{"ref":"25.22","t":"Wu the Master said: —"},{"ref":"25.23","t":"“On that depository of corpses, the battlefield, if there be certain expectation of death, there is life; if there be happy expectation of life, there is death. The good general is like unto one sitting in a leaking ship, or lying under a burning roof; the wisest man cannot contrive against him; the strongest man cannot destroy his composure; and the enemy’s onslaught can be withstood. For procrastination is the greatest enemy of the general; disasters to the army are born of indecision.”"},{"ref":"25.24","t":"Wu the Master said: —"},{"ref":"25.25","t":"“Men meet their death from lack of ability or unskilfulness. Wherefore training is the first requirement of war. One man with a knowledge of war can teach ten; ten men skilled in war can teach one hundred; one hundred can teach one thousand; one thousand can teach ten thousand; and ten thousand men can train an army."},{"ref":"25.26","t":"“An enemy from a distance should be awaited, and struck at short range; an enemy that is tired should be met in good order; hunger should be opposed by full bellies; the battle formation should be round or square, the men should kneel or stand; go or remain; move to the right or left; advance or retire; concentrate or disperse; close or extend when the signal is given."},{"ref":"25.27","t":"“All these changes must be learnt, and the weapons distributed. This is the business of the general.”"},{"ref":"25.28","t":"Wu the Master said: —"},{"ref":"25.29","t":"“In the teaching of war, spears are given to the short; bows and catapults to the tall; banners and standards to the strong; the bell and drum to the bold; fodder and provisions to the feeble; the arrangement of the plan to the wise. Men of the same district should be united; and groups and squads should help each other. At one beat of the drum the ranks are put in order; at two beats of the drum, formation will be made; at three beats of the drum, food will be issued; at four beats of the drum, the men will prepare to march; at five beats of the drum, ranks will be formed; when the drums beat together, then the standards will be raised.”"},{"ref":"25.30","t":"And Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"25.31","t":"“What is the way of marching and halting an army?”"},{"ref":"25.32","t":"And Wu answered: —"},{"ref":"25.33","t":"“Natural ovens and dragons’ heads should be avoided. Natural ovens are the mouths of large valleys. Dragons’ heads are the extremities of large mountains. The green dragons (banners) should be placed on the left, and the white tigers on the right; the red sparrows in front; the snakes and tortoises behind; the pole star (standard) above; and the soldiers will look to the standard."},{"ref":"25.34","t":"“When going forth to battle, the direction of the wind must be studied; if blowing in the direction of the enemy, the soldiers will be assembled and follow the wind; if a head wind, the position will be strengthened, and a wait made for the wind to change.”"},{"ref":"25.35","t":"And Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"25.36","t":"“In what way should horses be treated?”"},{"ref":"25.37","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"25.38","t":"“The places where they are kept should be made comfortable; fodder should be suitable and timely. In winter their stables should be warmed, and in summer sheltered from the heat; their coats clipped, their feet carefully pared, their attention directed so that they be not alarmed, their paces regulated, and their going and halting trained; horses and men should be in accord, and then the horses can be used. The harness, the saddle, bit, bridle, and reins must be strong; if the horse be without vice at the beginning, he can be used to the end; if the horse be hungry it is good; if his belly be full, his value decreases; if the sun be falling and the way still long, dismount frequently. For it is proper that the men be worked, but the horses must be used with discretion, so that they may be prepared should the enemy suddenly attack us."},{"ref":"25.39","t":"“If these things be well known, then there is free passage under heaven.”"},{"ref":"25.40","t":"<strong>IV. QUALITIES OF THE GENERAL.</strong> Wu the Master said: —"},{"ref":"25.41","t":"“The leader of the army is one who is master of both arms and letters. He who is both brave and tender can be entrusted with troops."},{"ref":"25.42","t":"“In the popular estimation of generals, courage alone is regarded; nevertheless, courage is but one of the qualifications of the leader. Courage is heedless in encounter; and rash encounter, which is ignorant of the consequences, cannot be called good."},{"ref":"25.43","t":"“There are five matters which leaders must carefully consider."},{"ref":"25.44","t":"“First, reason; second, preparation; third, determination; fourth, vigilance; fifth, simplicity."},{"ref":"25.45","t":"“With reason, a multitude can be controlled like a small number."},{"ref":"25.46","t":"“Preparedness sees an enemy outside the gate."},{"ref":"25.47","t":"“Determination before the enemy has no thought of life."},{"ref":"25.48","t":"“Even after a victory, vigilance behaves as before the first encounter."},{"ref":"25.49","t":"“Simplicity ensures few regulations, and preserves order."},{"ref":"25.50","t":"“When the leader receives his orders, he forthwith departs. Not until the enemy has been vanquished does he speak of return. This is the duty of the general."},{"ref":"25.51","t":"“Wherefore, from the day of departure of the army, the general seeks glory in death, and dreams not of return in dishonour.”"},{"ref":"25.52","t":"Wu the Master said: —"},{"ref":"25.53","t":"“In war there are four important influences."},{"ref":"25.54","t":"“First, spirit; second, ground; third, opportunity; fourth, force."},{"ref":"25.55","t":"“The military value of the nation’s forces — of one hundred times ten thousand fighting men — depends upon the personality of one man alone; this is called the influence of spirit."},{"ref":"25.56","t":"“When the road is steep and narrow, when there are famous mountains and fastnesses where ten men can defend and one thousand cannot pass them by; such is the influence of ground."},{"ref":"25.57","t":"“When spies have been skilfully sown, and mounted men pass to and from the enemy’s camp, so that his masses are divided, his sovereign and ministers vexed with each other, and superiors and inferiors mutually censorious; this is the moment of opportunity."},{"ref":"25.58","t":"“When the linch-pins are secure, the oars and sweeps ready for use in the boats, the armed men trained for war, and the horses exercised, we have what is called the influence of force."},{"ref":"25.59","t":"“He who understands these four matters has the qualifications of a general. Furthermore, dignity, virtue, benevolence, courage, are needed to lead the troops, to calm the multitude, to put fear in the enemy, to remove doubts. When orders are issued, the subordinates do not defy them. Wheresoever the army is, that place the enemy avoids. If these four virtues be present, the country is strong; if they be not present, the country is overthrown."},{"ref":"25.60","t":"“Of such is the good general.”"},{"ref":"25.61","t":"Wu the Master said: —"},{"ref":"25.62","t":"“The use of drums and bells is to attract the ear; of flags, standards, and banners to strike the eye; of laws and penalties to put fear in the heart."},{"ref":"25.63","t":"“To attract the ear the sound must be clear; to strike the eye the colours must be bright. The heart is awed by punishment, therefore punishment must be strict."},{"ref":"25.64","t":"“If these three matters be not ordered, the state may, peradventure, be preserved, but defeat by the enemy is certain. Therefore, as it has been said (if these three things be present), there is no departing from the commands of the general; when he orders, there is no going back from death.”"},{"ref":"25.65","t":"Wu the Master said: —"},{"ref":"25.66","t":"“The secret of war is, first, to know who is the enemy’s general, and to judge his ability. If our plans depend on his dispositions, then success will be achieved without toil."},{"ref":"25.67","t":"“If their general be stupid, and heedlessly trustful, he may be enticed by fraud; if he be avaricious and careless of his fame, he may be bribed with gifts. If he make unconsidered movements without plan, he should be tired out and placed in difficulties. If the superiors be wealthy and proud, and the inferiors avaricious and resentful, they should be set against each other. An enemy that is undetermined, now advancing and then retreating, whose soldiers have nought wherein to put their trust, should be alarmed, and put to flight."},{"ref":"25.68","t":"“When an enemy thinks lightly of the general, and desires to return home, the easy roads should be blocked, and the difficult and narrow roads opened; await their coming and capture them."},{"ref":"25.69","t":"“If their advance be easy and retreat difficult, await their coming and then advance against them."},{"ref":"25.70","t":"“If their advance be difficult and retreat easy, then press and strike them."},{"ref":"25.71","t":"“An army that is camped in marshy ground, where there are no water-courses, and long and frequent rains, should be inundated."},{"ref":"25.72","t":"“An army that is camped in wild marshes, covered with dark and overhanging grass and brambles, and swept by frequent high winds, should be overthrown by fire."},{"ref":"25.73","t":"“An army that has halted long without moving; whose general and soldiers have grown careless, and neglect precautions, should be approached by stealth, and taken by surprise.”"},{"ref":"25.74","t":"Lord Wen asked, saying: —"},{"ref":"25.75","t":"“If the two armies be facing each other, and the name of the enemy’s general unknown, in what manner can we discover it?”"},{"ref":"25.76","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"25.77","t":"“A brave man of low degree, lightly but well equipped, should be employed. He should think only of flight and naught of advantage. Then, if he observe the enemy’s pursuit, if there be first a halt and then an advance, order is established. If we retreat and the enemy pursue, but pretend not to be able to overtake us, see an advantage but pretend not to be aware of it, then their general may be called a wise general, and conflict with him must be avoided. If their army be full of uproar; their banners and standards disordered, their soldiers going about or remaining of their own accord, some in line, others in column; if such an enemy be eager to pursue, and see an advantage which they are desperate to seize, then their general is a fool: even if there be a host, they may be taken.”"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"V. SUITING THE OCCASION"},{"ref":"26.1","t":"LORD WEN ASKED and said: —"},{"ref":"26.2","t":"“If strong chariots, good horses, strong and valiant soldiers suddenly meet the enemy, and are thrown into confusion, and ranks broken, what should be done?”"},{"ref":"26.3","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"26.4","t":"“In general, the method of fighting is to effect order in daylight by means of flags and banners, pennons and batons; at night by gongs and drums, whistles and flutes. If a signal be made to the left, the troops move to the left; if to the right, they move to the right. Advance is made at the sound of the drum; halt at the sound of the gong; one blast of the whistle is for advance, two for the rally. If those who disobey be cut down, the forces are subject to authority. If officers and soldiers carry out orders, a superior enemy cannot exist; no position is impregnable in the attack.”"},{"ref":"26.5","t":"Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"26.6","t":"“What is to be done if the enemy be many and we be few?”"},{"ref":"26.7","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"26.8","t":"“Avoid such an enemy on open ground, and meet him in the narrow way; for, as it is written, if 1 is to stand against 1,000, there is naught better than a pass; if 10 are to hold against 100, there is nothing better than a steep place; if 1,000 are to strike 10,000, there is nothing better than a difficult place. If a small force, with beat of gong and drum, suddenly arise in a narrow way, even a host will be upset. Wherefore it is written: ‘He who has a multitude seeks the plain, and he who has few seeks the narrow way.’”"},{"ref":"26.9","t":"And Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"26.10","t":"“A mighty host, strong and courageous, which is on the defence with a mountain behind, a precipice between, high ground on the right, and a river on the left, with deep moats, and high walls, and which has artillery; whose retreat is like the removal of a mountain, advance like the hurricane, and whose supplies are in abundance, is an enemy against whom long defence is difficult. In effect, what should be done in such a case?”"},{"ref":"26.11","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"26.12","t":"“This indeed is a great question, whose issue depends, not upon the might of chariot and horse, but upon the schemes of a wise man."},{"ref":"26.13","t":"“Let 1,000 chariots and 10,000 horse, well equipped and with foot-men added to them, be divided into five armies, and a road allotted to each army."},{"ref":"26.14","t":"“Then if there be five armies, and each army take a different road, the enemy will be puzzled, and know not in what quarter to be prepared. If the enemy’s defence be strong and united, send envoys quickly to him to discover his intention. If he listen to our advices, he will strike camp and withdraw. But, if he listen not to our advice, but strikes down the messenger, and burns his papers, then divide and attack from five quarters. If victorious, do not pursue; if defeated, flee to a distance. If feigning retreat, proceed slowly, and, if the enemy approach, strike swiftly."},{"ref":"26.15","t":"“One army will hold the enemy in front, with another cut his rear, two more with gags in their mouths²¹ will attack his weak point, whether on the right or on the left. If five armies thus make alternate onslaughts, success is certain."},{"ref":"26.16","t":"“This is the way to strike strength.”"},{"ref":"26.17","t":"And Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"26.18","t":"“If the enemy draw near and encompass us, and we would retreat, but there is no way, and in our multitude there is fear, what should be done?”"},{"ref":"26.19","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"26.20","t":"“In such a case, if we be many and they be few, divide and fall upon them; if the enemy be many and we be few, use stratagem and act according to opportunity; and if opportunities be untiringly seized, even if the enemy be many, he will be reduced to subjection.”"},{"ref":"26.21","t":"Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"26.22","t":"“If, in a narrow valley with steep places on either side, the enemy be met, and they are many and we are few, what should be done?”"},{"ref":"26.23","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"26.24","t":"“If they be met among hills, woods, in deep mountains, or wide fens, advance quickly, retire swiftly, and hesitate not. If the enemy be suddenly met among high mountains or deep valleys, be the first to strike the drum and fall upon them. Let bow and cross bow advance; shoot and capture; observe the state of their ranks; and, if there be confusion, do not hesitate to strike.”"},{"ref":"26.25","t":"Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"26.26","t":"“If the enemy be suddenly met in a narrow place with high mountains on either side, and advance and retreat are alike impossible, what should be done in such a case?”"},{"ref":"26.27","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"26.28","t":"“This is called War in valleys where numbers are of no avail. The ablest officers should be collected, and set against the enemy. Men light of foot and well armed should be placed in front; the chariots divided; the horsemen drawn up, and placed in ambush on four sides, with many leagues between, and without showing their weapons. Then, the enemy will certainly make his defence firm, and neither advance or retreat. Whereupon, the standards will be raised, and the ranks of banners shown, the mountains left, and camp pitched in the plain."},{"ref":"26.29","t":"“The enemy will then be fearful, and should be challenged by chariot and horse, and allowed no rest."},{"ref":"26.30","t":"“This is the method of fighting in valleys.”"},{"ref":"26.31","t":"And Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"26.32","t":"“If the enemy be met in a marsh where the water is out, so that the wheels of the chariots sink in, and the shafts be covered, and the chariots and horsemen overcome by the waters, when there are no boats or oars, and it is impossible either to advance or retreat, what should be done in such a case?”"},{"ref":"26.33","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"26.34","t":"“This is called water fighting. Chariots and horsemen cannot be used, and they must be put for a time on one side. Go up to the top of a high place, and look out to the four quarters. Then the state of the waters will certainly be seen; their extent, and the deep places and shallows fully ascertained. Then, by stratagem, the enemy may be defeated."},{"ref":"26.35","t":"“If the enemy should cross the waters he should be engaged when half over.”"},{"ref":"26.36","t":"And Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"26.37","t":"“If there has been long continued rain so that the horses sink, and the chariots cannot move; if the enemy appear from four quarters, and the forces are frightened, what is the course in such a case?”"},{"ref":"26.38","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"26.39","t":"“When wet and overcast, the chariots should halt; when fine and dry, they should arise. Seek height, and avoid low places; drive the strong chariots, and choose well the road on which to advance or halt. If the enemy suddenly arise, immediately pursue them.”"},{"ref":"26.40","t":"Lord Wen asked and said: —"},{"ref":"26.41","t":"“If our fields and pastures be suddenly pillaged, and our oxen and sheep taken, what should be done?”"},{"ref":"26.42","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"26.43","t":"“Lawless enemies that arise are to be feared; defend well and do not reply. When, at sunset, they seek to withdraw, they will certainly be overladen and fearful. Striving to return quickly to their homes, connection will be lost. Then if they be pursued and attacked, they can be overthrown.”"},{"ref":"26.44","t":"Wu the Master said: —"},{"ref":"26.45","t":"“The way of attacking the enemy and investing his castle is as follows: —"},{"ref":"26.46","t":"“When the outlying buildings have been taken, and the assaulting parties enter the innermost sanctuary, make use of the enemy’s officials, and take charge of their weapons. Let the army on no account fell trees or enter dwellings, cut the crops, slay the six domestic animals, or burn the barns; and show the people that there is no cruel desire. Those who wish to surrender, should be received and freed from anxiety.”"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"VI. ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE TROOPS"},{"ref":"27.1","t":"AND LORD WEN asked and said: —"},{"ref":"27.2","t":"“If punishment be just and reward impartial, is victory thereby gained?”"},{"ref":"27.3","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"27.4","t":"“I cannot speak of all the things that concern justice and impartiality, but on these alone dependence cannot be placed."},{"ref":"27.5","t":"“If the people hear the word of command, or listen to the order with rejoicing; if, when the army be raised, and a multitude assembled, they go forth gladly to the fight; if, in the tumult of the fight, when blade crosses blade, the soldiers gladly die; upon these three things can the lord of the people place his trust.”"},{"ref":"27.6","t":"And Lord Wen said: —"},{"ref":"27.7","t":"“How can this be brought about?”"},{"ref":"27.8","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"27.9","t":"“Seek out merit, advance and reward it, and encourage those without fame.”"},{"ref":"27.10","t":"Accordingly Lord Wen set seats in the garden of the palace in three rows, and made a feast unto his chief retainers. In the first row were set those of chief merit, and on the table were placed the best meats and precious utensils. Those of medium merit were set in the middle row, and the utensils on the table were fewer in number. Those without merit were set in the last row, and utensils of no value were put before them. And when the feast was over, and they had all departed, the parents, wives, and children of those with merit were given presents outside the gates of the palace according to their degree."},{"ref":"27.11","t":"Further, messengers were sent yearly with gifts to condole with the parents of those who had lost a son in the service of the state, and to show that they were had in remembrance."},{"ref":"27.12","t":"And after this was carried out for three years, the people of Chin gathered an army, and came as far as the Western River. And when the soldiers of Wei heard this, without waiting for orders, they armed themselves and fell upon them; and they that went forth were 10,000 in number."},{"ref":"27.13","t":"And Lord Wen called Wu and said: —"},{"ref":"27.14","t":"“The words that you spoke unto me, have they not indeed been carried out?”"},{"ref":"27.15","t":"And Wu answered and said: —"},{"ref":"27.16","t":"“I have heard that there are men, great and small; souls, grand and feeble."},{"ref":"27.17","t":"“As a trial, let 50,000 men, without merit, be collected, and placed under my command against the country of Chin. If we fail, the state will be the laughing-stock among the princes, and its power under heaven will be lost. If a desperate robber be hidden in a wide plain, and 1,000 men be pursuing him, their glances will be furtive like the owl, looking backward like the wolf, for they are in fear of harm from a sudden onslaught."},{"ref":"27.18","t":"“One desperate man can put fear in the hearts of a thousand. Now, if this host of 50,000 men become as a desperate thief, and are led against Chin, there is nought to fear.”"},{"ref":"27.19","t":"On hearing these words Lord Wen agreed, and adding further 500 chariots and 3,000 horse, the hosts of Chin were overthrown, all being due to the encouragement of the troops."},{"ref":"27.20","t":"On the day before the battle Wu gave orders to the forces, saying: —"},{"ref":"27.21","t":"“The army will attack the enemy’s chariots, horse and foot, in accordance with our commands. If the chariots do not capture the enemy’s chariots, or the horse those of the enemy’s, or the foot the enemy’s footmen, even if their army be overthrown, no merit will be gained.”"},{"ref":"27.22","t":"Therefore on the day of the battle, the orders were simple, and fear of Wei shook the heavens."}],"footnotes":[{"n":"1","t":"The five virtues of humanity, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith are known as The Way."},{"n":"2","t":"The Yin and Yang are the two principles into which natural phenomena are divided in Chinese philosophy. Yin is the masculine, active, or light principle, and Yang is the feminine, passive, or dark principle. In this connection, day and night, rain, mist and wind are designated."},{"n":"3","t":"The Chinese army consisted of 12,500, the “lu” of 500, “tsu” of 50, and the “wu” of 5 men."},{"n":"4","t":"The “Chuyin” was a large tower or work constructed to give command over the interior of the enemy’s fortress."},{"n":"5","t":"Literally 9th heaven, and 9th earth. The Chinese divided the earth and sky each into 9 strata."},{"n":"6","t":"An animal’s coat is thinnest in autumn."},{"n":"7","t":"The drum was used to beat the assembly and in the advance, the bell as a signal to halt. Flags were of two kinds, signalling flags and distinguishing banners."},{"n":"8","t":"The normal and the abnormal refer to what in modern phrase are termed the frontal or holding force and the flanking or surprise force."},{"n":"9","t":"The five cardinal tastes are, acridity, bitterness, sourness, sweetness and saline taste."},{"n":"10","t":"Sun, as has been said, was a man of Wu. Wu and Yueh were continually at war."},{"n":"11","t":"Wood, fire, earth, metal and water."},{"n":"12","t":"This passage was written on the standard of Takeda Shingen, one of Japan’s most famous generals."},{"n":"13","t":"This and the following are so called because the men are continually thinking of, and slipping back to their homes."},{"n":"15","t":"So called because they are put to death when the enemy finds out that he has been tricked."},{"n":"16","t":"Messengers and others, who do not disguise their identity, are included under this heading."},{"n":"17","t":"Literally, right and left men, <em>i.e.</em> they who sat on either side."},{"n":"19","t":"The back of a turtle was burnt, and the answer was ascertained by the manner in which the shell split."},{"n":"20","t":"Halberd, shield, javelin, pike, and short pike."},{"n":"21","t":"Silently."}]},{"meta":{"key":"aow-b","en":"The Art of War","gr":"孫子兵法","color":"#8c4a3f","author":"Sun Tzu","kind":"treatise","hidden":true},"text":{"title":"The Art of War","greek":"孫子兵法","translator":"Lionel Giles, 1910","kind":"treatise","reference":{"label":"Section","abbr":"§","placeholder":"e.g. 2.5"},"transPair":{"a":"aow","b":"aow-b","c":"aow-c","d":"aow-d","e":"aow-e"},"transSelf":"b"},"content":[{"sp":"HDR","t":"Lionel Giles Translation, 1910"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER I. LAYING PLANS."},{"ref":"11.1","t":"計篇"},{"ref":"11.2","t":"THIS IS THE only possible meaning of 計, which M. Amiot and Capt. Calthrop wrongly translate “Fondements de l’art militaire” and “First principles” respectively. Ts’ao Kung says it refers to the deliberations in the temple selected by the general for his temporary use, or as we should say, in his tent. See § 26."},{"ref":"11.1a","t":"孫子曰兵者國之大事"},{"ref":"11.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State."},{"ref":"11.2a","t":"死生之地存亡之道不可不察也"},{"ref":"11.2aa","t":"It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected."},{"ref":"11.3","t":"故經之以五校之以計而索其情"},{"ref":"11.3a","t":"The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field."},{"ref":"11.3b","t":"The old text of the <em>T’ung Tien</em> has 故經之以五校之計, etc. Later editors have inserted 事 after 五, and 以 before 計. The former correction is perhaps superfluous, but the latter seems necessary in order to make sense, and is supported by the accepted reading in § 12, where the same words recur. I am inclined to think, however, that the whole sentence from 校 to 情 is an interpolation and has no business here at all. If it be retained, Wang Hsi must be right in saying that 計 denotes the “seven considerations” in § 13. 情 are the circumstances or conditions likely to bring about victory or defeat. The antecedent of the first 之 is 兵者; of the second, 五. 校 contains the idea of “comparison with the enemy,” which cannot well be brought out here, but will appear in § 12. Altogether, difficult though it is, the passage is not so hopelessly corrupt as to justify Capt. Calthrop in burking it entirely."},{"ref":"11.4","t":"一曰道二曰天三曰地四曰將五曰法"},{"ref":"11.4a","t":"These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline."},{"ref":"11.4b","t":"It appears from what follows that Sun Tzŭ means by 道 a principle of harmony, not unlike the Tao of Lao Tzŭ in its moral aspect. One might be tempted to render it by “morale,” were it not considered as an attribute of the <em>ruler</em> in § 13."},{"ref":"11.5","t":"道者令民與上同意也"},{"ref":"11.6","t":"故可與之死可與之生而民不畏危"},{"ref":"11.6a","t":"<em>The Moral Law</em> causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger."},{"ref":"11.6b","t":"The original text omits 令民, inserts an 以 after each 可, and omits 民 after 而. Capt. Calthrop translates: “If the ruling authority be upright, the people are united” — a very pretty sentiment, but wholly out of place in what purports to be a translation of Sun Tzŭ."},{"ref":"11.7","t":"天者陰陽寒暑時制也"},{"ref":"11.7a","t":"<em>Heaven</em> signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons."},{"ref":"11.7b","t":"The commentators, I think, make an unnecessary mystery of 陰陽. Thus Mêng Shih defines the words as 剛柔盈縮 “the hard and the soft, waxing and waning,” which does not help us much. Wang Hsi, however, may be right in saying that what is meant is 總天道 “the general economy of Heaven,” including the five elements, the four seasons, wind and clouds, and other phenomena."},{"ref":"11.8","t":"地者遠近險易廣狹死生也"},{"ref":"11.8a","t":"<em>Earth</em> comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death."},{"ref":"11.8b","t":"死生 (omitted by Capt. Calthrop) may have been included here because the safety of an army depends largely on its quickness to turn these geographical features to account."},{"ref":"11.9","t":"將者智信仁勇嚴也"},{"ref":"11.9a","t":"<em>The Commander</em> stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage and strictness."},{"ref":"11.9b","t":"The five cardinal virtues of the Chinese are (1) 仁 humanity or benevolence; (2) 義 uprightness of mind; (3) 禮 self-respect, self-control, or “proper feeling;” (4) 智 wisdom; (5) 信 sincerity or good faith. Here 智 and 信 are put before 仁, and the two military virtues of “courage” and “strictness” substituted for 義 and 禮."},{"ref":"11.10","t":"法者曲制官道主用也"},{"ref":"11.10a","t":"By <em>Method and discipline</em> are to be understood the marshalling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the gradations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure."},{"ref":"11.10b","t":"The Chinese of this sentence is so concise as to be practically unintelligible without commentary. I have followed the interpretation of Ts’ao Kung, who joins 曲制 and again 主用. Others take each of the six predicates separately. 曲 has the somewhat uncommon sense of “cohort” or division of an army. Capt. Calthrop translates: “Partition and ordering of troops,” which only covers 曲制."},{"ref":"11.11","t":"凡此五者將莫不聞知之者勝不知者不勝"},{"ref":"11.11a","t":"These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail."},{"ref":"11.12","t":"故校之以計而索其情"},{"ref":"11.12a","t":"Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise: —"},{"ref":"11.12b","t":"The <em>Yü Lan</em> has an interpolated 五 before 計. It is obvious, however, that the 五者 just enumerated cannot be described as 計. Capt. Calthrop, forced to give some rendering of the words which he had omitted in § 3, shows himself decidedly hazy: “Further, with regard to these and the following seven matters, the condition of the enemy must be compared with our own.” He does not appear to see that the seven queries or considerations which follow arise directly out of the Five heads, instead of being supplementary to them."},{"ref":"11.13","t":"曰主孰有道將孰有能天地孰得法令孰行兵衆孰强士卒孰練賞罰孰明"},{"ref":"11.13a","t":"(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?"},{"ref":"11.13b","t":"I.e. “is in harmony with his subjects.” Cf. § 5."},{"ref":"11.13c","t":"(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?"},{"ref":"11.13d","t":"(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?"},{"ref":"11.13e","t":"See §§ 7, 8."},{"ref":"11.13f","t":"(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?"},{"ref":"11.13g","t":"Tu Mu alludes to the remarkable story of Ts’ao Ts’ao (A.D. 155–220), who was such a strict disciplinarian that once, in accordance with his own severe regulations against injury to standing crops, he condemned himself to death for having allowed his horse to shy into a field of corn! However, in lieu of losing his head, he was persuaded to satisfy his sense of justice by cutting off his hair. Ts’ao Ts’ao’s own comment on the present passage is characteristically curt: 設而不犯犯而必誅 “when you lay down a law, see that it is not disobeyed; if it is disobeyed, the offender must be put to death.”"},{"ref":"11.13h","t":"(5) Which army is the stronger?"},{"ref":"11.13i","t":"Morally as well as physically. As Mei Yao-ch’ên puts it, 內和外附, which might be freely rendered “<em>esprit de corps</em> and ‘big battalions.’”"},{"ref":"11.13j","t":"(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?"},{"ref":"11.13k","t":"Tu Yu quotes 王子 as saying: “Without constant practice, the officers will be nervous and undecided when mustering for battle; without constant practice, the general will be wavering and irresolute when the crisis is at hand.”"},{"ref":"11.13l","t":"(7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?"},{"ref":"11.13m","t":"明, literally “clear;” that is, on which side is there the most absolute certainty that merit will be properly rewarded and misdeeds summarily punished?"},{"ref":"11.14","t":"吾以此知勝負矣"},{"ref":"11.14a","t":"By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat."},{"ref":"11.15","t":"將聽吾計用之必勝留之將不聽吾計用之必敗去之"},{"ref":"11.15a","t":"The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: — let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat: — let such a one be dismissed!"},{"ref":"11.15b","t":"The form of this paragraph reminds us that Sun Tzŭ’s treatise was composed expressly for the benefit of his patron 闔閭 Ho Lü, king of the Wu State. It is not necessary, however, to understand 我 before 留之 (as some commentators do), or to take 將 as “generals under my command.”"},{"ref":"11.16","t":"計利以聽乃爲之勢以佐其外"},{"ref":"11.16a","t":"While heeding the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules."},{"ref":"11.16b","t":"Capt. Calthrop blunders amazingly over this sentence: “Wherefore, with regard to the foregoing, considering that with us lies the advantage, and the generals agreeing, we create a situation which promises victory.” Mere logic should have kept him from penning such frothy balderdash."},{"ref":"11.17","t":"勢者因利而制權也"},{"ref":"11.17a","t":"According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one’s plans."},{"ref":"11.17b","t":"Sun Tzŭ, as a practical soldier, will have none of the “bookish theoric.” He cautions us here not to pin our faith to abstract principles; “for,” as Chang Yü puts it, “while the main laws of strategy can be stated clearly enough for the benefit of all and sundry, you must be guided by the actions of the enemy in attempting to secure a favourable position in actual warfare.” On the eve of the battle of Waterloo, Lord Uxbridge, commanding the cavalry, went to the Duke of Wellington in order to learn what his plans and calculations were for the morrow, because, as he explained, he might suddenly find himself Commander-in-chief and would be unable to frame new plans in a critical moment. The Duke listened quietly and then said: “Who will attack the first to-morrow — I or Bonaparte?” “Bonaparte,” replied Lord Uxbridge. “Well,” continued the Duke, “Bonaparte has not given me any idea of his projects; and as my plans will depend upon his, how can you expect me to tell you what mine are?”¹⁶⁸"},{"ref":"11.18","t":"兵者詭道也"},{"ref":"11.18a","t":"All warfare is based on deception."},{"ref":"11.18b","t":"The truth of this pithy and profound saying will be admitted by every soldier. Col. Henderson tells us that Wellington, great in so many military qualities, was especially distinguished by “the extraordinary skill with which he concealed his movements and deceived both friend and foe.”"},{"ref":"11.19","t":"故能而示之不能用而示之不用近而示之遠遠而示之近"},{"ref":"11.19a","t":"Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near."},{"ref":"11.20","t":"利而誘之亂而取之"},{"ref":"11.20a","t":"Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him."},{"ref":"11.20b","t":"取, as often in Sun Tzŭ, is used in the sense of 擊. It is rather remarkable that all the commentators, with the exception of Chang Yü, refer 亂 to the enemy: “when he is in disorder, crush him.” It is more natural to suppose that Sun Tzŭ is still illustrating the uses of deception in war."},{"ref":"11.21","t":"實而備之强而避之"},{"ref":"11.21a","t":"If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him."},{"ref":"11.21b","t":"The meaning of 實 is made clear from chap. VI, where it is opposed to 虛 “weak or vulnerable spots.” 强, according to Tu Yu and other commentators, has reference to the keenness of the men as well as to numerical superiority. Capt. Calthrop evolves an extraordinarily far-fetched translation: “If there are defects, give an appearance of perfection, and awe the enemy. Pretend to be strong, and so cause the enemy to avoid you”!"},{"ref":"11.22","t":"怒而撓之卑而驕之"},{"ref":"11.22a","t":"If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant."},{"ref":"11.22b","t":"I follow Chang Yü in my interpretation of 怒. 卑 is expanded by Mei Yao-ch’ên into 示以卑弱. Wang Tzŭ, quoted by Tu Yu, says that the good tactician plays with his adversary as a cat plays with a mouse, first feigning weakness and immobility, and then suddenly pouncing upon him."},{"ref":"11.23","t":"佚而勞之親而離之"},{"ref":"11.23a","t":"If he is taking his ease, give him no rest."},{"ref":"11.23b","t":"This is probably the meaning, though Mei Yao-ch’ên has the note: 以我之佚待彼之勞 “while we are taking our ease, wait for the enemy to tire himself out.” The <em>Yü Lan</em> has 引而勞之 “Lure him on and tire him out.” This would seem also to have been Ts’ao Kung’s text, judging by his comment 以利勞之."},{"ref":"11.23c","t":"If his forces are united, separate them."},{"ref":"11.23d","t":"Less plausible is the interpretation favoured by most of the commentators: “If sovereign and subject are in accord, put division between them.”"},{"ref":"11.24","t":"攻其無備出其不意"},{"ref":"11.24a","t":"Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected."},{"ref":"11.25","t":"此兵家之勝不可先傳也"},{"ref":"11.25a","t":"These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand."},{"ref":"11.25b","t":"This seems to be the way in which Ts’ao Kung understood the passage, and is perhaps the best sense to be got out of the text as it stands. Most of the commentators give the following explanation: “It is impossible to lay down rules for warfare before you come into touch with the enemy.” This would be very plausible if it did not ignore 此, which unmistakably refers to the maxims which Sun Tzŭ has been laying down. It is possible, of course, that 此 may be a later interpolation, in which case the sentence would practically mean: “Success in warfare cannot be taught.” As an alternative, however, I would venture to suggest that a second 不 may have fallen out after 可, so that we get: “These maxims for succeeding in war are the first that ought to be imparted.”"},{"ref":"11.26","t":"夫未戰而廟算勝者得算多也未戰而廟算不勝者得算少也多算勝少算不勝而況於無算乎吾以此觀之勝負見矣"},{"ref":"11.26a","t":"Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought."},{"ref":"11.26b","t":"Chang Yü tells us that in ancient times it was customary for a temple to be set apart for the use of a general who was about to take the field, in order that he might there elaborate his plan of campaign. Capt. Calthrop misunderstands it as “the shrine of the ancestors,” and gives a loose and inaccurate rendering of the whole passage."},{"ref":"11.26c","t":"The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER II. WAGING WAR."},{"ref":"12.1","t":"作戰篇"},{"ref":"12.2","t":"TS’AO KUNG HAS the note: 欲戰必先算其費務 “He who wishes to fight must first count the cost,” which prepares us for the discovery that the subject of the chapter is not what we might expect from the title, but is primarily a consideration of ways and means."},{"ref":"12.1a","t":"孫子曰凡用兵之法馳車千駟革車千乘帶甲十萬千里饋糧則內外之費賓客之用膠漆之材車甲之奉日費千金然後十萬之師舉矣"},{"ref":"12.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers,"},{"ref":"12.1b","t":"The 馳車 were lightly built and, according to Chang Yü, used for the attack; the 革車 were heavier, and designed for purposes of defence. Li Ch’üan, it is true, says that the latter were light, but this seems hardly probable. Capt. Calthrop translates “chariots” and “supply wagons” respectively, but is not supported by any commentator. It is interesting to note the analogies between early Chinese warfare and that of the Homeric Greeks. In each case, the war-chariot was the important factor, forming as it did the nucleus round which was grouped a certain number of foot-soldiers. With regard to the numbers given here, we are informed that each swift chariot was accompanied by 75 footmen, and each heavy chariot by 25 footmen, so that the whole army would be divided up into a thousand battalions, each consisting of two chariots and a hundred men."},{"ref":"12.1c","t":"with provisions enough to carry them a thousand <em>li</em>,"},{"ref":"12.1d","t":"2.78 modern <em>li</em> go to a mile. The length may have varied slightly since Sun Tzŭ’s time."},{"ref":"12.1e","t":"the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armour, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day."},{"ref":"12.1f","t":"則, which follows 糧 in the <em>textus receptus</em>, is important as indicating the apodosis. In the text adopted by Capt. Calthrop it is omitted, so that he is led to give this meaningless translation of the opening sentence: “Now the requirements of War are such that we need 1,000 chariots,” etc. The second 費, which is redundant, is omitted in the <em>Yü Lan</em>. 千金, like 千里 above, is meant to suggest a large but indefinite number. As the Chinese have never possessed gold coins, it is incorrect to translate it “1000 pieces of gold.”"},{"ref":"12.1g","t":"Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men."},{"ref":"12.1h","t":"Capt. Calthrop adds: “You have the instruments of victory,” which he seems to get from the first five characters of the next sentence."},{"ref":"12.2a","t":"其用戰也勝久則鈍兵挫銳攻城則力屈"},{"ref":"12.2aa","t":"When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, the men’s weapons will grow dull and their ardour will be damped."},{"ref":"12.2b","t":"The <em>Yü Lan</em> omits 勝; but though 勝久 is certainly a bold phrase, it is more likely to be right than not. Both in this place and in § 4, the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 頓 (in the sense of “to injure”) instead of 鈍."},{"ref":"12.2c","t":"If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength."},{"ref":"12.2d","t":"As synonyms to 屈 are given 盡, 殫, 窮 and 困."},{"ref":"12.3","t":"久暴師則國用不足"},{"ref":"12.3a","t":"Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain."},{"ref":"12.3b","t":"久暴師 means literally, “If there is long exposure of the army.” Of 暴 in this sense K’ang Hsi cites an instance from the biography of 竇融 Tou Jung in the <em>Hou Han Shu</em>, where the commentary defines it by 露. Cf. also the following from the 戰國策: 將軍久暴露於外 “General, you have long been exposed to all weathers.”"},{"ref":"12.4","t":"夫鈍兵挫銳屈力殫貨則諸侯乘其幣而起雖有智者不能善其後矣"},{"ref":"12.4a","t":"Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardour damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue."},{"ref":"12.4b","t":"Following Tu Yu, I understand 善 in the sense of “to make good,” i.e. to mend. But Tu Mu and Ho Shih explain it as “to make good plans” — for the future."},{"ref":"12.5","t":"故兵聞拙速未睹巧之久也"},{"ref":"12.5a","t":"Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays."},{"ref":"12.5b","t":"This concise and difficult sentence is not well explained by any of the commentators. Ts’ao Kung, Li Ch’üan, Mêng Shih, Tu Yu, Tu Mu and Mei Yao-ch’ên have notes to the effect that a general, though naturally stupid, may nevertheless conquer through sheer force of rapidity. Ho Shih says: “Haste may be stupid, but at any rate it saves expenditure of energy and treasure; protracted operations may be very clever, but they bring calamity in their train.” Wang Hsi evades the difficulty by remarking: “Lengthy operations mean an army growing old, wealth being expended, an empty exchequer and distress among the people; true cleverness insures against the occurrence of such calamities.” Chang Yü says: “So long as victory can be attained, stupid haste is preferable to clever dilatoriness.” Now Sun Tzŭ says nothing whatever, except possibly by implication, about ill-considered haste being better than ingenious but lengthy operations. What he does say is something much more guarded, namely that, while speed may sometimes be injudicious, tardiness can never be anything but foolish — if only because it means impoverishment to the nation. Capt. Calthrop indulges his imagination with the following: “Therefore it is acknowledged that war cannot be too short in duration. But though conducted with the utmost art, if long continuing, misfortunes do always appear.” It is hardly worth while to note the total disappearance of 拙速 in this precious concoction. In considering the point raised here by Sun Tzŭ, the classic example of Fabius Cunctator will inevitably occur to the mind. That general deliberately measured the endurance of Rome against that of Hannibal’s isolated army, because it seemed to him that the latter was more likely to suffer from a long campaign in a strange country. But it is quite a moot question whether his tactics would have proved successful in the long run. Their reversal, it is true, led to Cannae; but this only establishes a negative presumption in their favour."},{"ref":"12.6","t":"夫兵久而國利者未之有也"},{"ref":"12.6a","t":"There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare."},{"ref":"12.6b","t":"The <em>Yü Lan</em> has 圖 instead of 國 — evidently the mistake of a scribe."},{"ref":"12.7","t":"故不盡知用兵之害者則不能盡知用兵之利也"},{"ref":"12.7a","t":"It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on."},{"ref":"12.7b","t":"That is, with rapidity. Only one who knows the disastrous effects of a long war can realise the supreme importance of rapidity in bringing it to a close. Only two commentators seem to favour this interpretation, but it fits well into the logic of the context, whereas the rendering, “He who does not know the evils of war cannot appreciate its benefits,” is distinctly pointless."},{"ref":"12.8","t":"善用兵者役不再籍糧不三載"},{"ref":"12.8a","t":"The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-waggons loaded more than twice."},{"ref":"12.8b","t":"Once war is declared, he will not waste precious time in waiting for reinforcements, nor will he turn his army back for fresh supplies, but crosses the enemy’s frontier without delay. This may seem an audacious policy to recommend, but with all great strategists, from Julius Caesar to Napoleon Buonaparte, the value of time — that is, being a little ahead of your opponent — has counted for more than either numerical superiority or the nicest calculations with regard to commissariat. 籍 is used in the sense of 賦. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> have the inferior reading 藉. The commentators explain 不三載 by saying that the waggons are loaded once before passing the frontier, and that the army is met by a further consignment of supplies on the homeward march. The <em>Yü Lan</em>, however, reads 再 here as well."},{"ref":"12.9","t":"取用於國因糧於敵故軍食可足也"},{"ref":"12.9a","t":"Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs."},{"ref":"12.9b","t":"用, “things to be used,” in the widest sense. It includes all the impedimenta of an army, apart from provisions."},{"ref":"12.10","t":"國之貧於師者遠輸遠輸則百姓貧"},{"ref":"12.10a","t":"Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished."},{"ref":"12.10b","t":"The beginning of this sentence does not balance properly with the next, though obviously intended to do so. The arrangement, moreover, is so awkward that I cannot help suspecting some corruption in the text. It never seems to occur to Chinese commentators that an emendation may be necessary for the sense, and we get no help from them here. Sun Tzŭ says that the cause of the people’s impoverishment is 遠輸; it is clear, therefore, that the words have reference to some system by which the husbandmen sent their contributions of corn to the army direct. But why should it fall on them to maintain an army in this way, except because the State or Government is too poor to do so? Assuming then that 貧 ought to stand first in the sentence in order to balance 近 (the fact that the two words rhyme is significant), and thus getting rid of 國之, we are still left with 於師, which latter word seems to me an obvious mistake for 國. “Poverty in the army” is an unlikely expression, especially as the general has just been warned not to encumber his army with a large quantity of supplies. If we suppose that 師 somehow got written here instead of 國 (a very simple supposition, as we have 近於師 in the next sentence), and that later on somebody, scenting a mistake, prefixed the gloss 國之 to 貧, without however erasing 於師, the whole muddle may be explained. My emended text then would be 貧於國者, etc."},{"ref":"12.11","t":"近於師者貴賣貴賣則百姓財竭"},{"ref":"12.11a","t":"On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause the people’s substance to be drained away."},{"ref":"12.11b","t":"近, that is, as Wang Hsi says, before the army has left its own territory. Ts’ao Kung understands it of an army that has already crossed the frontier. Capt. Calthrop drops the 於, reading 近師者, but even so it is impossible to justify his translation “Repeated wars cause high prices.”"},{"ref":"12.12","t":"財竭則急於丘役"},{"ref":"12.12a","t":"When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions."},{"ref":"12.12b","t":"Cf. Mencius VII. 2. xiv. 2, where 丘民 has the same meaning as 丘役. 丘 was an ancient measure of land. The full table, as given in the 司馬法, may not be out of place here: 6 尺 = 1 步; 100 步 = 1 畝; 100 畝 = 1 夫; 3 夫 = 1 屋; 3 屋 = 1 井; 4 井 = 1 邑; 4 邑 = 1 丘; 4 丘 = 1 甸. According to the <em>Chou Li</em>, there were nine husbandmen to a 井, which would assign to each man the goodly allowance of 100 畝 (of which 6.6 now go to an acre). What the values of these measures were in Sun Tzŭ’s time is not known with any certainty. The lineal 尺, however, is supposed to have been about 20 cm. 急 may include levies of men, as well as other exactions."},{"ref":"12.13","t":"力屈財殫中原內虛於家百姓之費十去其七"},{"ref":"12.14","t":"公家之費破車罷馬甲胄矢弩戟楯蔽櫓丘牛大車十去其六"},{"ref":"12.14a","t":"With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their incomes will be dissipated;"},{"ref":"12.14b","t":"The <em>Yü Lan</em> omits 財殫. I would propose the emended reading 力屈則中, etc. In view of the fact that we have 財竭 in the two preceding paragraphs, it seems probable that 財 is a scribe’s mistake for 則, 殫 having been added afterwards to make sense. 中原內虛於家, literally: “Within the middle plains there is emptiness in the homes.” For 中原 cf. <em>Shih Ching</em> II. 3. vi. 3 and II. 5. ii. 3. With regard to 十去其七, Tu Mu says: 家業十耗其七也, and Wang Hsi: 民費大半矣; that is, the people are mulcted not of 3⁄10, but of 7⁄10, of their income. But this is hardly to be extracted from our text. Ho Shih has a characteristic tag: 國以民爲本民以食爲天居人上者宜乎重惜 “The <em>people</em> being regarded as the essential part of the State, and <em>food</em> as the people’s heaven, is it not right that those in authority should value and be careful of both?”"},{"ref":"12.14c","t":"while Government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantlets, draught-oxen and heavy waggons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue."},{"ref":"12.14d","t":"The <em>Yü Lan</em> has several various readings here, the more important of which are 疲 for the less common 罷 (read <em>p’i</em>2), 干 for 蔽, and 兵牛 for 丘牛, which latter, if right, must mean “oxen from the country districts” (cf. <em>supra</em>, § 12). For the meaning of 櫓, see note on III, § 4. Capt. Calthrop omits to translate 丘牛大車."},{"ref":"12.15","t":"故智將務食於敵食敵一鍾當吾二十鍾秆一石當吾二十石"},{"ref":"12.15a","t":"Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy’s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one’s own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one’s own store."},{"ref":"12.15b","t":"Because twenty cartloads will be consumed in the process of transporting one cartload to the front. According to Ts’ao Kung, a 鍾 = 6 斛 4 㪷, or 64 㪷, but according to Mêng Shih, 10 斛 make a 鍾. The 石 picul consisted of 70 斤 catties (Tu Mu and others say 120). 秆, literally, “beanstalks and straw.”"},{"ref":"12.16","t":"故殺敵者怒也取敵之利者貨也"},{"ref":"12.16a","t":"Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards."},{"ref":"12.16b","t":"These are two difficult sentences, which I have translated in accordance with Mei Yao-ch’ên’s paraphrase. We may incontinently reject Capt. Calthrop’s extraordinary translation of the first: “Wantonly to kill and destroy the enemy must be forbidden.” Ts’ao Kung quotes a jingle current in his day: 軍無財士不來軍無賞士不往. Tu Mu says: “Rewards are necessary in order to make the soldiers see the advantage of beating the enemy; thus, when you capture spoils from the enemy, they must be used as rewards, so that all your men may have a keen desire to fight, each on his own account.” Chang Yü takes 利 as the direct object of 取, which is not so good."},{"ref":"12.17","t":"故車戰得車十乘已上賞其先得者而更其旌旗車雜而乘之卒善而養之"},{"ref":"12.17a","t":"Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first."},{"ref":"12.17b","t":"Capt. Calthrop’s rendering is: “They who are the first to lay their hands on more than ten of the enemy’s chariots, should be encouraged.” We should have expected the gallant captain to see that such Samson-like prowess deserved something more substantial than mere encouragement. The <em>T’u Shu</em> omits 故, and has 以上 in place of the more archaic 已上."},{"ref":"12.17c","t":"Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept."},{"ref":"12.18","t":"是謂勝敵而益强"},{"ref":"12.18a","t":"This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one’s own strength."},{"ref":"12.19","t":"故兵貴勝不貴久"},{"ref":"12.19a","t":"In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns."},{"ref":"12.19b","t":"As Ho Shih remarks: 兵不可玩武不可黷 “Soldiers are not to be used as playthings. War is not a thing to be trifled with.” Sun Tzŭ here reiterates the main lesson which this chapter is intended to enforce."},{"ref":"12.20","t":"故知兵之將民之司命國家安危之主也"},{"ref":"12.20a","t":"Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people’s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril."},{"ref":"12.20b","t":"In the original text, there is a 生 before the 民."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM."},{"ref":"13.1","t":"謀攻篇"},{"ref":"13.1a","t":"孫子曰凡用兵之法全國爲上破國次之全軍爲上破軍次之全旅爲上破旅次之全卒爲上破卒次之全伍爲上破伍次之"},{"ref":"13.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy’s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to capture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them."},{"ref":"13.1b","t":"A 軍 “army corps,” according to the <em>Ssŭ-ma Fa</em>, consisted nominally of 12500 men; according to Ts’ao Kung, a 旅 contained 500 men, a 卒 any number between 100 and 500, and a 伍 any number between 5 and 100. For the last two, however, Chang Yü gives the exact figures of 100 and 5 respectively."},{"ref":"13.2","t":"是故百戰百勝非善之善者也不戰而屈人之兵善之善者也"},{"ref":"13.2a","t":"Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting."},{"ref":"13.2b","t":"Here again, no modern strategist but will approve the words of the old Chinese general. Moltke’s greatest triumph, the capitulation of the huge French army at Sedan, was won practically without bloodshed."},{"ref":"13.3","t":"故上兵伐謀其次伐交其次伐兵下政攻城"},{"ref":"13.3a","t":"Thus the highest form of generalship is to baulk the enemy’s plans;"},{"ref":"13.3b","t":"I.e. as Li Ch’üan says (伐其始謀也), in their very inception. Perhaps the word “baulk” falls short of expressing the full force of 伐, which implies not an attitude of defence, whereby one might be content to foil the enemy’s stratagems one after another, but an active policy of counter-attack. Ho Shih puts this very clearly in his note: “When the enemy has made a plan of attack against us, we must anticipate him by delivering our own attack first.”"},{"ref":"13.3c","t":"the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy’s forces;"},{"ref":"13.3d","t":"Isolating him from his allies. We must not forget that Sun Tzŭ, in speaking of hostilities, always has in mind the numerous states or principalities into which the China of his day was split up."},{"ref":"13.3e","t":"the next in order is to attack the enemy’s army in the field;"},{"ref":"13.3f","t":"When he is already in full strength."},{"ref":"13.3g","t":"and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities."},{"ref":"13.3h","t":"The use of the word 政 is somewhat unusual, which may account for the reading of the modern text: 其下攻城."},{"ref":"13.4","t":"攻城之法爲不得已修櫓轒轀具器械三月而後成距闉又三月而後已"},{"ref":"13.4a","t":"The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided."},{"ref":"13.4b","t":"Another sound piece of military theory. Had the Boers acted upon it in 1899, and refrained from dissipating their strength before Kimberley, Mafeking, or even Ladysmith, it is more than probable that they would have been masters of the situation before the British were ready seriously to oppose them."},{"ref":"13.4c","t":"The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months;"},{"ref":"13.4d","t":"It is not quite clear what 櫓 were. Ts’ao Kung simply defines them as 大楯 “large shields,” but we get a better idea of them from Li Ch’üan, who says they were to protect the heads of those who were assaulting the city walls at close quarters. This seems to suggest a sort of Roman <em>testudo</em>, ready made. Tu Mu says they were “what are now termed 彭排” (wheeled vehicles used in repelling attacks, according to K’ang Hsi), but this is denied by Ch’ên Hao. See <em>supra</em>, II. 14. The name is also applied to turrets on city walls. Of 轒轀 (<em>fên yün</em>) we get a fairly clear description from several commentators. They were wooden missile-proof structures on four wheels, propelled from within, covered over with raw hides, and used in sieges to convey parties of men to and from the walls, for the purpose of filling up the encircling moat with earth. Tu Mu adds that they are now called 木驢 “wooden donkeys.” Capt. Calthrop wrongly translates the term, “battering-rams.” I follow Ts’ao Kung in taking 具 as a verb, co-ordinate and synonymous with 修. Those commentators who regard 修 as an adjective equivalent to 長 “long,” make 具 presumably into a noun."},{"ref":"13.4e","t":"and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more."},{"ref":"13.4f","t":"The 距闉 (or 堙, in the modern text) were great mounds or ramparts of earth heaped up to the level of the enemy’s walls in order to discover the weak points in the defence, and also to destroy the 樓櫓 fortified turrets mentioned in the preceding note. Tu Yu quotes the Tso Chuan: 楚司馬子反乘堙而窺宋城也."},{"ref":"13.5","t":"將不勝其忿而蟻附之殺士三分之一而城不拔者此攻之災"},{"ref":"13.5a","t":"The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants,"},{"ref":"13.5b","t":"Capt. Calthrop unaccountably omits this vivid simile, which, as Ts’ao Kung says, is taken from the spectacle of an army of ants climbing a wall. The meaning is that the general, losing patience at the long delay, may make a premature attempt to storm the place before his engines of war are ready."},{"ref":"13.5c","t":"with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege."},{"ref":"13.5d","t":"We are reminded of the terrible losses of the Japanese before Port Arthur, in the most recent siege which history has to record. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads 不勝心之忿... 則殺士卒... 攻城之災. For 其忿 the <em>Yü Lan</em> has 心怒. Capt. Calthrop does not translate 而城不拔者, and mistranslates 此攻之災."},{"ref":"13.6","t":"故善用兵者屈人之兵而非戰也拔人之城而非攻也毁人之國而非久也"},{"ref":"13.6a","t":"Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field."},{"ref":"13.6b","t":"Chia Lin notes that he only overthrows the 國, that is, the Government, but does no harm to individuals. The classical instance is Wu Wang, who after having put an end to the Yin dynasty was acclaimed “Father and mother of the people.”"},{"ref":"13.7","t":"必以全爭於天下故兵不頓而利可全此謀攻之法也"},{"ref":"13.7a","t":"With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete."},{"ref":"13.7b","t":"Owing to the double meanings of 兵, 頓 [= 鈍] and 利, the latter part of the sentence is susceptible of quite a different meaning: “And thus, the weapon not being blunted by use, its keenness remains perfect.” Chang Yü says that 利 is “the advantage of a prosperous kingdom and a strong army.”"},{"ref":"13.7c","t":"This is the method of attacking by stratagem."},{"ref":"13.8","t":"故用兵之法十則圍之五則攻之倍則分之"},{"ref":"13.8a","t":"It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy’s one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him;"},{"ref":"13.8b","t":"Straightaway, without waiting for any further advantage."},{"ref":"13.8c","t":"if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two."},{"ref":"13.8d","t":"Note that 之 does not refer to the enemy, as in the two preceding clauses. This sudden change of object is quite common in Chinese. Tu Mu takes exception to the saying; and at first sight, indeed, it appears to violate a fundamental principle of war. Ts’ao Kung, however, gives a clue to Sun Tzŭ’s meaning: 以二敵一則一術爲正一術爲奇 “Being two to the enemy’s one, we may use one part of our army in the regular way, and the other for some special diversion.” [For explanation of 正 and 奇, see V. 3, note.] Chang Yü thus further elucidates the point: “If our force is twice as numerous as that of the enemy, it should be split up into two divisions, one to meet the enemy in front, and one to fall upon his rear; if he replies to the frontal attack, he may be crushed from behind; if to the rearward attack, he may be crushed in front. This is what is meant by saying that “one part may be used in the regular way, and the other for some special diversion.” Tu Mu does not understand that dividing one’s army is simply an irregular, just as concentrating it is the regular, strategical method, and he is too hasty in calling this a mistake.”"},{"ref":"13.9","t":"敵則能戰之少則能逃之不若則能避之"},{"ref":"13.9a","t":"If equally matched, we can offer battle;"},{"ref":"13.9b","t":"Li Ch’üan, followed by Ho Shih, gives the following paraphrase: 主客力敵惟善者戰 “If attackers and attacked are equally matched in strength, only the able general will fight.” He thus takes 能 as though it were 能者, which is awkward."},{"ref":"13.9c","t":"if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy;"},{"ref":"13.9d","t":"The <em>T’u Shu</em> has 守 instead of 逃, which is hardly distinguishable in sense from 避 in the next clause. The meaning, “we can <em>watch</em> the enemy,” is certainly a great improvement on the above; but unfortunately there appears to be no very good authority for the variant. Chang Yü reminds us that the saying only applies if the other factors are equal; a small difference in numbers is often more than counterbalanced by superior energy and discipline."},{"ref":"13.9e","t":"if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him."},{"ref":"13.10","t":"故小敵之堅大敵之擒也"},{"ref":"13.10a","t":"Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force."},{"ref":"13.10b","t":"In other words: “C’est magnifique; mais ce n’est pas la guerre.”"},{"ref":"13.11","t":"夫將者國之輔也輔周則國必强輔隙則國必弱"},{"ref":"13.11a","t":"Now the general is the bulwark of the State: if the bulwark is complete at all points, the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak."},{"ref":"13.11b","t":"隙 cannot be restricted to anything so particular as in Capt. Calthrop’s translation, “divided in his allegiance.” It is simply keeping up the metaphor suggested by 周. As Li Ch’üan tersely puts it: 隙缺也將才不備兵必弱 “<em>Ch’i</em>, gap, indicates deficiency; if the general’s ability is not perfect (i.e. if he is not thoroughly versed in his profession), his army will lack strength.”"},{"ref":"13.12","t":"故君之所以患於軍者三"},{"ref":"13.12a","t":"There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army: —"},{"ref":"13.13","t":"不知軍之不可以進而謂之進不知軍之不可以退而謂之退是謂縻軍"},{"ref":"13.13a","t":"(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army."},{"ref":"13.13b","t":"Ts’ao Kung weakly defines 縻 as 御 “control,” “direct.” Cf. § 17 <em>ad fin.</em> But in reality it is one of those graphic metaphors which from time to time illuminate Sun Tzŭ’s work, and is rightly explained by Li Ch’üan as = 絆. He adds the comment: 如絆驥足無馳驟也. “It is like tying together the legs of a thoroughbred, so that it is unable to gallop.” One would naturally think of “the ruler” in this passage as being at home, and trying to direct the movements of his army from a distance. But the commentators understand just the reverse, and quote the saying of T’ai Kung: 國不可以從外治軍不可以從中御 “A kingdom should not be governed from without, an army should not be directed from within.” Of course it is true that, during an engagement, or when in close touch with the enemy, the general should not be in the thick of his own troops, but a little distance apart. Otherwise, he will be liable to misjudge the position as a whole, and give wrong orders."},{"ref":"13.14","t":"不知三軍之事而同三軍之政者則軍士惑矣"},{"ref":"13.14a","t":"(2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier’s minds."},{"ref":"13.14b","t":"Ts’ao Kung’s note is: 軍容不入國國容不入軍禮不可以治兵也, which may be freely translated: “The military sphere and the civil sphere are wholly distinct; you can’t handle an army in kid gloves.” And Chang Yü says: “Humanity and justice (仁義) are the principles on which to govern a state, but not an army; opportunism and flexibility (權變), on the other hand, are military rather than civic virtues.” 同三軍之政, “to assimilate the governing of an army” — to that of a State, understood. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> has 欲 inserted before 同, here and in § 15."},{"ref":"13.15","t":"不知三軍之權而同三軍之任則軍士疑矣"},{"ref":"13.15a","t":"(3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination,"},{"ref":"13.15b","t":"That is, he is not careful to use the right man in the right place."},{"ref":"13.15c","t":"through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers."},{"ref":"13.15d","t":"I follow Mei Yao-ch’ên here. The other commentators make 不知 etc. refer, not to the ruler, as in §§ 13, 14, but to the officers he employs. Thus Tu Yu says: 將若不知權變不可付以勢位 “If a general is ignorant of the principle of adaptability, he must not be entrusted with a position of authority.” Tu Mu quotes 黃石公: “The skilful employer of men will employ the wise man, the brave man, the covetous man, and the stupid man. For the wise man delights in establishing his merit, the brave man likes to show his courage in action, the covetous man is quick at seizing advantages, and the stupid man has no fear of death.” The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads 軍覆疑, which Tu Yu explains as 覆敗 “is utterly defeated.” Capt. Calthrop gives a very inaccurate rendering: “Ignorant of the situation of the army, to interfere in its dispositions.”"},{"ref":"13.16","t":"三軍既惑且疑則諸侯之難至矣是謂亂軍引勝"},{"ref":"13.16a","t":"But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away."},{"ref":"13.16b","t":"Most of the commentators take 引 in the sense of 奪, which it seems to bear also in the <em>Li Chi</em>, 玉藻, I. 18. [卻 is there given as its equivalent, but Legge tries notwithstanding to retain the more usual sense, translating “draw... back,” which is hardly defensible.] Tu Mu and Wang Hsi, however, think 引勝 means “leading up to the <em>enemy’s</em> victory.”"},{"ref":"13.17","t":"故知勝有五知可以戰與不可以戰者勝識衆寡之用者勝上下同欲者勝以虞待不虞者勝將能而君不御者勝此五者知勝之道也"},{"ref":"13.17a","t":"Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory: (1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight."},{"ref":"13.17b","t":"Chang Yü says: “If he can fight, he advances and takes the offensive; if he cannot fight, he retreats and remains on the defensive. He will invariably conquer who knows whether it is right to take the offensive or the defensive.”"},{"ref":"13.17c","t":"(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces."},{"ref":"13.17d","t":"This is not merely the general’s ability to estimate numbers correctly, as Li Ch’üan and others make out. Chang Yü expounds the saying more satisfactorily: “By applying the art of war, it is possible with a lesser force to defeat a greater, and <em>vice versâ</em>. The secret lies in an eye for locality, and in not letting the right moment slip. Thus Wu Tzŭ says: ‘With a superior force, make for easy ground; with an inferior one, make for difficult ground.’”"},{"ref":"13.17e","t":"(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks."},{"ref":"13.17f","t":"Ts’ao Kung refers 上下 less well to sovereign and subjects."},{"ref":"13.17g","t":"(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared."},{"ref":"13.17h","t":"(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign."},{"ref":"13.17i","t":"Tu Yu quotes 王子 as saying: 指授在君決戰在將也 “It is the sovereign’s function to give broad instructions, but to decide on battle is the function of the general.” It is needless to dilate on the military disasters which have been caused by undue interference with operations in the field on the part of the home government. Napoleon undoubtedly owed much of his extraordinary success to the fact that he was not hampered by any central authority, — that he was, in fact, 將 and 君 in one."},{"ref":"13.17j","t":"Victory lies in the knowledge of these five points."},{"ref":"13.17k","t":"Literally, “These five things are knowledge of the principle of victory.”"},{"ref":"13.18","t":"故曰知彼知己百戰不殆不知彼而知己一勝一負不知彼不知己每戰必殆"},{"ref":"13.18a","t":"Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat."},{"ref":"13.18b","t":"Li Ch’üan cites the case of 苻堅 Fu Chien, prince of 秦 Ch’in, who in 383 A.D. marched with a vast army against the 晉 Chin Emperor. When warned not to despise an enemy who could command the services of such men as 謝安 Hsieh An and 桓沖 Huan Ch’ung, he boastfully replied: “I have the population of eight provinces at my back, infantry and horsemen to the number of one million; why, they could dam up the Yangtsze River itself by merely throwing their whips into the stream. What danger have I to fear?” Nevertheless, his forces were soon after disastrously routed at the 淝 Fei River, and he was obliged to beat a hasty retreat."},{"ref":"13.18c","t":"If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle."},{"ref":"13.18d","t":"The modern text, represented by the 北堂書鈔 and <em>T’u Shu</em>, has 必敗, which I should be inclined to adopt in preference to 殆 here, though the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> both have the latter. Chang Yü offers the best commentary on 知彼知己. He says that these words “have reference to attack and defence: knowing the enemy enables you to take the offensive, knowing yourself enables you to stand on the defensive.” He adds: 攻是守之機守是攻之策 “Attack is the secret of defence; defence is the planning of an attack.” It would be hard to find a better epitome of the root-principle of war."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS."},{"ref":"14.1","t":"形篇"},{"ref":"14.2","t":"形 IS A very comprehensive and somewhat vague term. Literally, “form,” “body,” it comes to mean “appearance,” “attitude” or “disposition;” and here it is best taken as something between, or perhaps combining, “tactics” and “disposition of troops.” Ts’ao Kung explains it as 軍之形也，我動彼應兩敵相察情也 “marching and counter-marching on the part of the two armies with a view to discovering each other’s condition.” Tu Mu says: “It is through the 形 dispositions of an army that its condition may be discovered. Conceal your dispositions (無形), and your condition will remain secret, which leads to victory; show your dispositions, and your condition will become patent, which leads to defeat.” Wang Hsi remarks that the good general can 變化其形因敵以制勝 “secure success by modifying his tactics to meet those of the enemy.” In the modern text, the title of the chapter appears as 軍形, which Capt. Calthrop incorrectly translates “the order of battle.”"},{"ref":"14.1a","t":"孫子曰昔之善戰者先爲不可勝以待敵之可勝"},{"ref":"14.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy."},{"ref":"14.2a","t":"不可勝在己可勝在敵"},{"ref":"14.2aa","t":"To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself."},{"ref":"14.2b","t":"That is, of course, by a mistake on his part. Capt. Calthrop has: “The causes of defeat come from within; victory is born in the enemy’s camp,” which, though certainly an improvement on his previous attempt, is still incorrect."},{"ref":"14.3","t":"故善戰者能爲不可勝不能使敵必可勝"},{"ref":"14.3a","t":"Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat,"},{"ref":"14.3b","t":"“By concealing the disposition of his troops, covering up his tracks, and taking unremitting precautions” (Chang Yü)."},{"ref":"14.3c","t":"but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy."},{"ref":"14.3d","t":"The original text reads 使敵之可勝, which the modern text has further modified into 使敵之必可勝. Capt. Calthrop makes out the impossible meaning, “and further render the enemy incapable of victory.”"},{"ref":"14.4","t":"故曰勝可知而不可爲"},{"ref":"14.4a","t":"Hence the saying: One may <em>know</em> how to conquer without being able to <em>do</em> it."},{"ref":"14.4b","t":"Capt. Calthrop translates: “The conditions necessary for victory may be present, but they cannot always be obtained,” which is more or less unintelligible."},{"ref":"14.5","t":"不可勝者守也可勝者攻也"},{"ref":"14.5a","t":"Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive."},{"ref":"14.5b","t":"For 不可勝 I retain the sense which it undoubtedly bears in §§ 1–3, in spite of the fact that the commentators are all against me. The meaning they give, “He who cannot conquer takes the defensive,” is plausible enough, but it is highly improbable that 勝 should suddenly become active in this way. An incorrect variant in the <em>Yü Lan</em> is 不可勝則守可勝則攻."},{"ref":"14.6","t":"守則不足攻則有餘"},{"ref":"14.6a","t":"Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength."},{"ref":"14.7","t":"善守者藏於九地之下善攻者動於九天之上故能自保而全勝也"},{"ref":"14.7a","t":"The general who is skilled in defence hides in the most secret recesses of the earth;"},{"ref":"14.7b","t":"Literally, “hides under the ninth earth,” which is a metaphor indicating the utmost secrecy and concealment, so that the enemy may not know his whereabouts. The 九地 of this passage have of course no connection with the 九地 “Nine situations” of chap. XI."},{"ref":"14.7c","t":"he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven."},{"ref":"14.7d","t":"Another metaphor, implying that he falls on his adversary like a thunderbolt, against which there is no time to prepare. This is the opinion of most of the commentators, though Ts’ao Kung, followed by Tu Yu, explains 地 as the hills, rivers, and other natural features which will afford shelter or protection to the attacked, and 天 as the phases of weather which may be turned to account by the attacking party. Capt. Calthrop’s “The skilful in attack push to the topmost heaven” conveys no meaning at all."},{"ref":"14.7e","t":"Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete."},{"ref":"14.7f","t":"Capt. Calthrop draws on a fertile imagination for the following: “If these precepts be observed, victory is certain.”"},{"ref":"14.8","t":"見勝不過衆人之所知非善之善者也"},{"ref":"14.8a","t":"To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence."},{"ref":"14.8b","t":"As Ts’ao Kung remarks, 當見未萌 “the thing is to see the plant before it has germinated,” to foresee the event before the action has begun. Li Ch’üan alludes to the story of Han Hsin who, when about to attack the vastly superior army of 趙 Chao, which was strongly entrenched in the city of 成安 Ch’êng-an, said to his officers: “Gentlemen, we are going to annihilate the enemy, and shall meet again at dinner.” The officers hardly took his words seriously, and gave a very dubious assent. But Han Hsin had already worked out in his mind the details of a clever stratagem, whereby, as he foresaw, he was able to capture the city and inflict a crushing defeat on his adversary. For the full story, see 前漢書, chap. 34, 韓信傳. Capt. Calthrop again blunders badly with: “A victory, even if popularly proclaimed as such by the common folk, may not be a true success.”"},{"ref":"14.9","t":"戰勝而天下曰善非善之善者也"},{"ref":"14.9a","t":"Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says, “Well done!”"},{"ref":"14.9b","t":"True excellence being, as Tu Mu says: 陰謀潛運攻心伐謀勝敵之日曾不血刃 “To plan secretly, to move surreptitiously, to foil the enemy’s intentions and baulk his schemes, so that at last the day may be won without shedding a drop of blood.” Sun Tzŭ reserves his approbation for things that"},{"ref":"14.9c","t":"“the world’s coarse thumb"},{"ref":"14.9d","t":"And finger fail to plumb.”"},{"ref":"14.10","t":"故舉秋毫不爲多力見日月不爲明目聞雷霆不爲聰耳"},{"ref":"14.10a","t":"To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength;"},{"ref":"14.10b","t":"秋毫 is explained as the fur of a hare, which is finest in autumn, when it begins to grow afresh. The phrase is a very common one in Chinese writers. Cf. Mencius, I. 1. vii. 10, and Chuang Tzŭ, 知北遊, <em>et al.</em>"},{"ref":"14.10c","t":"to see sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear."},{"ref":"14.10d","t":"Ho Shih gives as real instances of strength, sharp sight and quick hearing: 烏獲 Wu Huo, who could lift a tripod weighing 250 stone; 離朱 Li Chu, who at a distance of a hundred paces could see objects no bigger than a mustard seed; and 師曠 Shih K’uang, a blind musician who could hear the footsteps of a mosquito."},{"ref":"14.11","t":"古之所謂善戰者勝勝易勝者也"},{"ref":"14.11a","t":"What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease."},{"ref":"14.11b","t":"The original text, followed by the <em>T’u Shu</em>, has 勝於易勝者也. But this is an alteration evidently intended to smooth the awkwardness of 勝勝易勝者也, which means literally: “one who, conquering, excels in easy conquering.” Mei Yao-ch’ên says: “He who only sees the obvious, wins his battles with difficulty; he who looks below the surface of things, wins with ease.”"},{"ref":"14.12","t":"故善戰者之勝也無智名無勇功"},{"ref":"14.12a","t":"Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage."},{"ref":"14.12b","t":"Tu Mu explains this very well: “Inasmuch as his victories are gained over circumstances that have not come to light, the world at large knows nothing of them, and he wins no reputation for wisdom; inasmuch as the hostile state submits before there has been any bloodshed, he receives no credit for courage.”"},{"ref":"14.13","t":"故其戰勝不忒不忒者其所措必勝勝已敗者也"},{"ref":"14.13a","t":"He wins his battles by making no mistakes."},{"ref":"14.13b","t":"Ch’ên Hao says: “He plans no superfluous marches, he devises no futile attacks.” The connection of ideas is thus explained by Chang Yü: “One who seeks to conquer by sheer strength, clever though he may be at winning pitched battles, is also liable on occasion to be vanquished; whereas he who can look into the future and discern conditions that are not yet manifest, will never make a blunder and therefore invariably win.” Li Ch’üan thinks that the character 忒 should be 貳 “to have doubts.” But it is better not to tamper with the text, especially when no improvement in sense is the result."},{"ref":"14.13c","t":"Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated."},{"ref":"14.13d","t":"The <em>T’u Shu</em> omits 必. 措 is here = 置. Chia Lin says it is put for 錯 in the sense of 雜; but this is far-fetched. Capt. Calthrop altogether ignores the important word 忒."},{"ref":"14.14","t":"故善戰者立於不敗之地而不失敵之敗也"},{"ref":"14.14a","t":"Hence the skilful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy."},{"ref":"14.14b","t":"A 不可爲之計 “counsel of perfection,” as Tu Mu truly observes. 地 need not be confined strictly to the actual ground occupied by the troops. It includes all the arrangements and preparations which a wise general will make to increase the safety of his army."},{"ref":"14.15","t":"是故勝兵先勝而後求戰敗兵先戰而後求勝"},{"ref":"14.15a","t":"Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory."},{"ref":"14.15b","t":"Ho Shih thus expounds the paradox: “In warfare, first lay plans which will ensure victory, and then lead your army to battle; if you will not begin with stratagem but rely on brute strength alone, victory will no longer be assured.”"},{"ref":"14.16","t":"善用兵者修道而保法故能爲勝敗之政"},{"ref":"14.16a","t":"The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to method and discipline;"},{"ref":"14.16b","t":"For 道 and 法, see <em>supra</em>, I. 4 sqq. I think that Chang Yü is wrong in altering their signification here, and taking them as 爲戰之道 and 制敵之法 respectively."},{"ref":"14.16c","t":"thus it is in his power to control success."},{"ref":"14.17","t":"兵法一曰度二曰量三曰數四曰稱五曰勝"},{"ref":"14.17a","t":"In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory."},{"ref":"14.18","t":"地生度度生量量生數數生稱稱生勝"},{"ref":"14.18a","t":"Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances."},{"ref":"14.18b","t":"It is not easy to distinguish the four terms 度量數稱 very clearly. The first seems to be surveying and measurement of the ground, which enable us to 量 form an estimate of the enemy’s strength, and to 數 make calculations based on the data thus obtained; we are thus led to 稱 a general weighing-up, or comparison of the enemy’s chances with our own; if the latter turn the scale, then 勝 victory ensues. The chief difficulty lies in 數, which some commentators take as a calculation of <em>numbers</em>, thereby making it nearly synonymous with 量. Perhaps 量 is rather a consideration of the enemy’s general position or condition (情 or 形勢), while 數 is the estimate of his numerical strength. On the other hand, Tu Mu defines 數 as 機數, and adds: 强弱已定然後能用機變數也 “the question of relative strength having been settled, we can bring the varied resources of cunning into play.” Ho Shih seconds this interpretation, which is weakened, however, by the fact that 稱 is given as logically consequent on 數; this certainly points to the latter being a calculation of numbers. Of Capt. Calthrop’s version the less said the better."},{"ref":"14.19","t":"故勝兵若以鎰稱銖敗兵若以銖稱鎰"},{"ref":"14.19a","t":"A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound’s weight placed in the scale against a single grain."},{"ref":"14.19b","t":"Literally, “a victorious army is like an 鎰 <em>i</em> (20 oz.) weighed against a 銖 <em>shu</em> (1⁄24 oz.); a routed army as a <em>shu</em> weighed against an <em>i</em>.” The point is simply the enormous advantage which a disciplined force, flushed with victory, has over one demoralised by defeat. Legge, in his note on Mencius, I. 2. ix. 2, makes the 鎰 to be 24 Chinese ounces, and corrects Chu Hsi’s statement that it equalled 20 oz. only. But Li Ch’üan of the T’ang dynasty here gives the same figure as Chu Hsi."},{"ref":"14.20","t":"勝者之戰民也若決積水於千仞之谿者形也"},{"ref":"14.20a","t":"The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep. So much for tactical dispositions."},{"ref":"14.20b","t":"The construction here is slightly awkward and elliptical, but the general sense is plain. The <em>T’u Shu</em> omits 民也. A 仞 = 8 尺 or Chinese feet."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER V. ENERGY."},{"ref":"15.1","t":"埶篇"},{"ref":"15.2","t":"埶 HERE IS said to be an older form of 勢; Sun Tzŭ, however, would seem to have used the former in the sense of “power,” and the latter only in the sense of “circumstances.” The fuller title 兵勢 is found in the <em>T’u Shu</em> and the modern text. Wang Hsi expands it into 積勢之變 “the application, in various ways, of accumulated power;” and Chang Yü says: 兵勢以成然後任勢以取勝 “When the soldiers’ energy has reached its height, it may be used to secure victory.”"},{"ref":"15.1a","t":"孫子曰凡治衆如治寡分數是也"},{"ref":"15.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: The control of a large force is the same in principle as the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers."},{"ref":"15.1b","t":"That is, cutting up the army into regiments, companies, etc. with subordinate officers in command of each. Tu Mu reminds us of Han Hsin’s famous reply to the first Han Emperor, who once said to him: “How large an army do you think I could lead?” “Not more than 100,000 men, your Majesty.” “And you?” asked the Emperor. “Oh!” he answered, “the more the better” (多多益辦耳). Chang Yü gives the following curious table of the subdivisions of an army: — 5 men make a 列; 2 列 make a 火; 5 火 make a 隊; 2 隊 make a 官; 2 官 make a 曲; 2 曲 make a 部; 2 部 make a 校; 2 校 make a 裨; 2 裨 make a 軍. A 軍 or army corps thus works out at 3200 men. But cf. III. § 1, note. For 曲, see I. § 10. It is possible that 官 in that paragraph may also be used in the above technical sense."},{"ref":"15.2a","t":"鬥衆如鬥寡形名是也"},{"ref":"15.2aa","t":"Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals."},{"ref":"15.2b","t":"One must be careful to avoid translating 鬥衆 “fighting <em>against</em> a large number,” no reference to the enemy being intended. 形 is explained by Ts’ao Kung as denoting flags and banners, by means of which every soldier may recognise his own particular regiment or company, and thus confusion may be prevented. 名 he explains as drums and gongs, which from the earliest times were used to sound the advance and the retreat respectively. Tu Mu defines 形 as 陳形 “marshalling the troops in order,” and takes 名 as the flags and banners. Wang Hsi also dissents from Ts’ao Kung, referring 形 to the ordering of the troops by means of banners, drums and gongs, and 名 to the various names by which the regiments might be distinguished. There is much to be said for this view."},{"ref":"15.3","t":"三軍之衆可使必受敵而無敗者奇正是也"},{"ref":"15.3a","t":"To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken — this is effected by manœuvres direct and indirect."},{"ref":"15.3b","t":"For 必, there is another reading 畢, “all together,” adopted by Wang Hsi and Chang Yü. We now come to one of the most interesting parts of Sun Tzŭ’s treatise, the discussion of the 正 and the 奇. As it is by no means easy to grasp the full significance of these two terms, or to render them at all consistently by good English equivalents, it may be as well to tabulate some of the commentators’ remarks on the subject before proceeding further. Li Ch’üan: 當敵爲正傍出爲奇 “Facing the enemy is <em>chêng</em>, making lateral diversions is <em>ch’i</em>.” Chia Lin: 當敵以正陳取勝以奇兵 “In presence of the enemy, your troops should be arrayed in normal fashion, but in order to secure victory abnormal manœuvres must be employed.” Mei Yao-ch’ên: 動爲奇靜爲正靜以待之動以勝之 “<em>Ch’i</em> is active, <em>chêng</em> is passive; passivity means waiting for an opportunity, activity brings the victory itself.” Ho Shih: 我之正使敵視之爲奇我之奇使敵視之爲正正亦爲奇奇亦爲正 “We must cause the enemy to regard our straightforward attack as one that is secretly designed, and <em>vice versâ</em>; thus <em>chêng</em> may also be <em>ch’i</em>, and <em>ch’i</em> may also be <em>chêng</em>.” He instances the famous exploit of Han Hsin, who when marching ostensibly against 臨晉 Lin-chin (now 朝邑 Chao-i in Shensi), suddenly threw a large force across the Yellow River in wooden tubs, utterly disconcerting his opponent. [<em>Ch’ien Han Shu</em>, ch. 34.] Here, we are told, the march on Lin-chin was 正, and the surprise manœuvre was 奇. Chang Yü gives the following summary of opinions on the words: “Military writers do not all agree with regard to the meaning of <em>ch’i</em> and <em>chêng</em>. 尉繚子 Wei Liao Tzŭ [4th cent. B.C.] says: 正兵貴先奇兵貴後 ‘Direct warfare favours frontal attacks, indirect warfare attacks from the rear.’ Ts’ao Kung says: ‘Going straight out to join battle is a direct operation; appearing on the enemy’s rear is an indirect manœuvre.’ 李衛公 Li Wei-kung [6th and 7th cent. A.D.] says: ‘In war, to march straight ahead is <em>chêng</em>; turning movements, on the other hand, are <em>ch’i</em>.’ These writers simply regard <em>chêng</em> as <em>chêng</em>, and <em>ch’i</em> as <em>ch’i</em>; they do not note that the two are mutually interchangeable and run into each other like the two sides of a circle [see <em>infra</em>, § 11]. A comment of the T’ang Emperor T’ai Tsung goes to the root of the matter: ‘A <em>ch’i</em> manœuvre may be <em>chêng</em>, if we make the enemy look upon it as <em>chêng</em>; then our real attack will be <em>ch’i</em>, and <em>vice versâ</em>. The whole secret lies in confusing the enemy, so that he cannot fathom our real intent.’” To put it perhaps a little more clearly: any attack or other operation is 正, on which the enemy has had his attention fixed; whereas that is 奇, which takes him by surprise or comes from an unexpected quarter. If the enemy perceives a movement which is meant to be 奇, it immediately becomes 正."},{"ref":"15.4","t":"兵之所加如以碬投卵者虛實是也"},{"ref":"15.4a","t":"That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg — this is effected by the science of weak points and strong."},{"ref":"15.4b","t":"虛實, literally “the hollow and the solid,” is the title of chap. VI. 碫 <em>tuan</em> is the <em>T’u Shu</em> reading, 碬 <em>hsia</em> that of the standard text. It appears from K’ang Hsi that there has been much confusion between the two characters, and indeed, it is probable that one of them has really crept into the language as a mistake for the other."},{"ref":"15.5","t":"凡戰者以正合以奇勝"},{"ref":"15.5a","t":"In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory."},{"ref":"15.5b","t":"Chang Yü says: 徐發奇兵或擣其旁或擊其後 “Steadily develop indirect tactics, either by pounding the enemy’s flanks or falling on his rear.” A brilliant example of “indirect tactics” which decided the fortunes of a campaign was Lord Roberts’ night march round the Peiwar Kotal in the second Afghan war.¹⁶⁹"},{"ref":"15.6","t":"故善出奇者無窮如天地不竭如江河終而復始日月是也死而復生四時是也"},{"ref":"15.6a","t":"Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams;"},{"ref":"15.6b","t":"奇 is the universally accepted emendation for 兵, the reading of the 北堂書鈔."},{"ref":"15.6c","t":"like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away but to return once more."},{"ref":"15.6d","t":"Tu Yu and Chang Yü understand this of the permutations of 奇 and 正. But at present Sun Tzŭ is not speaking of 正 at all, unless, indeed, we suppose with 鄭友賢 Chêng Yu-hsien that a clause relating to it has fallen out of the text. Of course, as has already been pointed out, the two are so inextricably interwoven in all military operations, that they cannot really be considered apart. Here we simply have an expression, in figurative language, of the almost infinite resource of a great leader."},{"ref":"15.7","t":"聲不過五五聲之變不可勝聽也"},{"ref":"15.7a","t":"There are not more than five musical notes,"},{"ref":"15.7b","t":"宮商角微羽."},{"ref":"15.7c","t":"yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard."},{"ref":"15.8","t":"色不過五五色之變不可勝觀也"},{"ref":"15.8a","t":"There are not more than five primary colours,"},{"ref":"15.8b","t":"靑黃赤白黑 blue, yellow, red, white and black."},{"ref":"15.8c","t":"yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever be seen."},{"ref":"15.9","t":"味不過五五味之變不可勝嘗也"},{"ref":"15.9a","t":"There are not more than five cardinal tastes,"},{"ref":"15.9b","t":"酸辛醎甘苦 sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter."},{"ref":"15.9c","t":"yet combinations of them yield more flavours than can ever be tasted."},{"ref":"15.10","t":"戰埶不過奇正奇正之變不可勝窮也"},{"ref":"15.10a","t":"In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack — the direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of manœuvres."},{"ref":"15.11","t":"奇正相生如循環之無端孰能窮之"},{"ref":"15.11a","t":"The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle — you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?"},{"ref":"15.11b","t":"The <em>T’u Shu</em> adds 哉. The final 之 may refer either to the circle or, more probably, to the 奇正之變 understood. Capt. Calthrop is wrong with: “They are a mystery that none can penetrate.”"},{"ref":"15.12","t":"激水之疾至於漂石者埶也"},{"ref":"15.12a","t":"The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course."},{"ref":"15.13","t":"鷙鳥之疾至於毁折者節也"},{"ref":"15.13a","t":"The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim."},{"ref":"15.13b","t":"For 疾 the <em>Yü Lan</em> reads 擊, which is also supported by a quotation in the 呂氏春秋 [3rd cent. B.C.]. 節 in this context is a word which really defies the best efforts of the translator. Tu Mu says that it is equivalent to 節量遠近 “the measurement or estimation of distance.” But this meaning does not quite fit the illustrative simile in § 15. As applied to the falcon, it seems to me to denote that instinct of <em>self-restraint</em> which keeps the bird from swooping on its quarry until the right moment, together with the power of judging when the right moment has arrived. The analogous quality in soldiers is the highly important one of being able to reserve their fire until the very instant at which it will be most effective. When the “Victory” went into action at Trafalgar at hardly more than drifting pace, she was for several minutes exposed to a storm of shot and shell before replying with a single gun. Nelson coolly waited until he was within close range, when the broadside he brought to bear worked fearful havoc on the enemy’s nearest ships. That was a case of 節."},{"ref":"15.14","t":"是故善戰者其埶險其節短"},{"ref":"15.14a","t":"Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his decision."},{"ref":"15.14b","t":"Tu Yu defines 節 here by the word 斷, which is very like “decision” in English. 短 is certainly used in a very unusual sense, even if, as the commentators say, it = 近. This would have reference to the measurement of distance mentioned above, letting the enemy get near before striking. But I cannot help thinking that Sun Tzŭ meant to use the word in a figurative sense comparable to our own idiom “short and sharp.” Cf. Wang Hsi’s note, which after describing the falcon’s mode of attack, proceeds: 兵之乘機當如是耳 “This is just how the ‘psychological moment’ should be seized in war.” I do not care for Capt. Calthrop’s rendering: “The spirit of the good fighter is terrifying, his occasions sudden.”"},{"ref":"15.15","t":"埶如彍弩節如發機"},{"ref":"15.15a","t":"Energy may be likened to the bending of a cross-bow; decision, to the releasing of the trigger."},{"ref":"15.15b","t":"“Energy” seems to be the best equivalent here for 埶, because the comparison implies that the force is potential, being stored up in the bent cross-bow until released by the finger on the trigger. None of the commentators seem to grasp the real point of the simile."},{"ref":"15.16","t":"紛紛紜紜鬥亂而不可亂也渾渾沌沌形圓而不可敗也"},{"ref":"15.16a","t":"Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat."},{"ref":"15.16b","t":"形圓, literally “formation circular”, is explained by Li Ch’üan as 無向背也 “without back or front.” Mei Yao-ch’ên says: “The subdivisions of the army having been previously fixed, and the various signals agreed upon, the separating and joining, the dispersing and collecting which will take place in the course of a battle, may give the appearance of disorder when no real disorder is possible. Your formation may be without head or tail, your dispositions all topsy-turvy, and yet a rout of your forces quite out of the question.” It is a little difficult to decide whether 鬥亂 and 形圓 should not be taken as imperatives: “fight in disorder (for the purpose of deceiving the enemy), and you will be secure against real disorder.” Cf. I. § 20: 亂而取之."},{"ref":"15.17","t":"亂生於治怯生於勇弱生於彊"},{"ref":"15.17a","t":"Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline; simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength."},{"ref":"15.17b","t":"In order to make the translation intelligible, it is necessary to tone down the sharply paradoxical form of the original. Ts’ao Kung throws out a hint of the meaning in his brief note: 皆毁形匿情也 “These things all serve to destroy formation and conceal one’s condition.” But Tu Mu is the first to put it quite plainly: “If you wish to feign confusion in order to lure the enemy on, you must first have perfect discipline; if you wish to display timidity in order to entrap the enemy, you must have extreme courage; if you wish to parade your weakness in order to make the enemy over-confident, you must have exceeding strength.”"},{"ref":"15.18","t":"治亂數也勇怯埶也彊弱形也"},{"ref":"15.18a","t":"Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of subdivision;"},{"ref":"15.18b","t":"See <em>supra</em>, § 1."},{"ref":"15.18c","t":"concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy;"},{"ref":"15.18d","t":"It is passing strange that the commentators should understand 埶 here as “circumstances” — a totally different sense from that which it has previously borne in this chapter. Thus Tu Mu says: 見有利之勢而不動敵人以我爲實怯也 “seeing that we are favourably circumstanced and yet make no move, the enemy will believe that we are really afraid.”"},{"ref":"15.18e","t":"masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions."},{"ref":"15.18f","t":"Chang Yü relates the following anecdote of Kao Tsu, the first Han Emperor: “Wishing to crush the Hsiung-nu, he sent out spies to report on their condition. But the Hsiung-nu, forewarned, carefully concealed all their able-bodied men and well-fed horses, and only allowed infirm soldiers and emaciated cattle to be seen. The result was that the spies one and all recommended the Emperor to deliver his attack.” 婁敬 Lou Ching alone opposed them, saying: “When two countries go to war, they are naturally inclined to make an ostentatious display of their strength. Yet our spies have seen nothing but old age and infirmity. This is surely some <em>ruse</em> on the part of the enemy, and it would be unwise for us to attack.” The Emperor, however, disregarding this advice, fell into the trap and found himself surrounded at 白登 Po-têng.”"},{"ref":"15.19","t":"故善動敵者形之敵必從之予之敵必取之"},{"ref":"15.19a","t":"Thus one who is skilful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act."},{"ref":"15.19b","t":"Ts’ao Kung’s note is 見羸形也 “Make a display of weakness and want,” but Tu Mu rightly points out that 形 does not refer only to weakness: “If our force happens to be superior to the enemy’s, weakness may be simulated in order to lure him on; but if inferior, he must be led to believe that we are strong, in order that he may keep off. In fact, all the enemy’s movements should be determined by the signs that we choose to give him.” The following anecdote of 孫臏 Sun Pin, a descendant of Sun Wu, is related at length in the 史記, chap. 65: In 341 B.C. the 齊 Ch’i State being at war with 魏 Wei, sent 田忌 T’ien Chi and Sun Pin against the general 龐涓 P’ang Chüan, who happened to be a deadly personal enemy of the latter. Sun Pin said: “The Ch’i State has a reputation for cowardice, and therefore our adversary despises us. Let us turn this circumstance to account.” Accordingly, when the army had crossed the border into Wei territory, he gave orders to show 100,000 fires on the first night, 50,000 on the next, and the night after only 20,000. P’ang Chüan pursued them hotly, saying to himself: “I knew these men of Ch’i were cowards: their numbers have already fallen away by more than half.” In his retreat, Sun Pin came to a narrow defile, which he calculated that his pursuers would reach after dark. Here he had a tree stripped of its bark, and inscribed upon it the words: “Under this tree shall P’ang Chüan die.” Then, as night began to fall, he placed a strong body of archers in ambush near by, with orders to shoot directly they saw a light. Later on, P’ang Chüan arrived at the spot, and noticing the tree, struck a light in order to read what was written on it. His body was immediately riddled by a volley of arrows, and his whole army thrown into confusion. [The above is Tu Mu’s version of the story; the <em>Shih Chi</em>, less dramatically but probably with more historical truth, makes P’ang Chüan cut his own throat with an exclamation of despair, after the rout of his army.]"},{"ref":"15.19c","t":"He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it."},{"ref":"15.19d","t":"予 here = 與."},{"ref":"15.20","t":"以利動之以卒待之"},{"ref":"15.20a","t":"By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him."},{"ref":"15.20b","t":"This would appear to be the meaning if we retain 卒, which Mei Yao-ch’ên explains as 精卒 “men of spirit.” The <em>T’u Shu</em> reads 本, an emendation suggested by 李靖 Li Ching. The meaning then would be, “He lies in wait with the main body of his troops.”"},{"ref":"15.21","t":"故善戰者求之於埶不責於人故能擇人而任埶"},{"ref":"15.21a","t":"The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals."},{"ref":"15.21b","t":"Tu Mu says: “He first of all considers the power of his army in the bulk; afterwards he takes individual talent into account, and uses each man according to his capabilities. He does not demand perfection from the untalented.”"},{"ref":"15.21c","t":"Hence his ability to pick out the right men and to utilise combined energy."},{"ref":"15.21d","t":"Another reading has 之 instead of 埶. It would be interesting if Capt. Calthrop could tell us where the following occurs in the Chinese: “yet, when an opening or advantage shows, he pushes it to its limits.”"},{"ref":"15.22","t":"任埶者其戰人也如轉木石木石之性安則靜危則動方則止圓則行"},{"ref":"15.22a","t":"When he utilises combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-shaped, to go rolling down."},{"ref":"15.22b","t":"Ts’ao Kung calls this 任自然勢 “the use of natural or inherent power.” Capt. Calthrop ignores the last part of the sentence entirely. In its stead he has: “So await the opportunity, and so act when the opportunity arrives” — another absolutely gratuitous interpolation. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> omits 任."},{"ref":"15.23","t":"故善戰人之埶如轉圓石於千仞之山者埶也"},{"ref":"15.23a","t":"Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject of energy."},{"ref":"15.23b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> omits 善. The chief lesson of this chapter, in Tu Mu’s opinion, is the paramount importance in war of rapid evolutions and sudden rushes. “Great results,” he adds, “can thus be achieved with small forces.”"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG."},{"ref":"16.1","t":"虛實篇"},{"ref":"16.2","t":"CHANG YÜ ATTEMPTS to explain the sequence of chapters as follows: “Chapter IV, on Tactical Dispositions, treated of the offensive and the defensive; chapter V, on Energy, dealt with direct and indirect methods. The good general acquaints himself first with the theory of attack and defence, and then turns his attention to direct and indirect methods. He studies the art of varying and combining these two methods before proceeding to the subject of weak and strong points. For the use of direct or indirect methods arises out of attack and defence, and the perception of weak and strong points depends again on the above methods. Hence the present chapter comes immediately after the chapter on Energy.”"},{"ref":"16.1a","t":"孫子曰凡先處戰地而待敵者佚後處戰地而趨戰者勞"},{"ref":"16.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle, will arrive exhausted."},{"ref":"16.1b","t":"Instead of 處, the <em>Yü Lan</em> has in both clauses the stronger word 據. For the antithesis between 佚 and 勞, cf. I. § 23, where however 勞 is used as a verb."},{"ref":"16.2a","t":"故善戰者致人而不致於人"},{"ref":"16.2aa","t":"Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him."},{"ref":"16.2b","t":"The next paragraph makes it clear that 致 does not merely mean, as Tu Mu says, 令敵來就我 “to make the enemy approach me,” but rather to make him go in any direction I please. It is thus practically synonymous with 制. Cf. Tu Mu’s own note on V. § 19. One mark of a great soldier is that he fights on his own terms or fights not at all.¹⁷⁰"},{"ref":"16.3","t":"能使敵人自至者利之也能使敵人不得至者害之也"},{"ref":"16.3a","t":"By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near."},{"ref":"16.3b","t":"In the first case, he will entice him with a bait; in the second, he will strike at some important point which the enemy will have to defend."},{"ref":"16.4","t":"故敵佚能勞之飽能飢之安能動之"},{"ref":"16.4a","t":"If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him;"},{"ref":"16.4b","t":"This passage may be cited as evidence against Mei Yao-Ch’ên’s interpretation of I. § 23."},{"ref":"16.4c","t":"if well supplied with food, he can starve him out;"},{"ref":"16.4d","t":"飢 is probably an older form than 饑, the reading of the original text. Both are given in the 說文."},{"ref":"16.4e","t":"if quietly encamped, he can force him to move."},{"ref":"16.4f","t":"The subject to 能 is still 善戰者; but these clauses would read better as direct admonitions, and in the next sentence we find Sun Tzŭ dropping insensibly into the imperative."},{"ref":"16.5","t":"出其所必趨趨其所不意"},{"ref":"16.5a","t":"Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to places where you are not expected."},{"ref":"16.5b","t":"The original text, adopted by the <em>T’u Shu</em>, has 出其所不趨; it has been altered to suit the context and the commentaries of Ts’ao Kung and Ho Shih, who evidently read 必趨. The other reading would mean: “Appear at points to which the enemy cannot hasten;” but in this case there is something awkward in the use of 趨. Capt. Calthrop is wrong of course with “appearing where the enemy is not.”"},{"ref":"16.6","t":"行千里而不勞者行於無人之地也"},{"ref":"16.6a","t":"An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches through country where the enemy is not."},{"ref":"16.6b","t":"We must beware of understanding 無人之地 as “uninhabited country.” Sun Tzŭ habitually uses 人 in the sense of 敵, e.g. <em>supra</em>, § 2. Ts’ao Kung sums up very well: 出空擊虛避其所守擊其不意 “Emerge from the void [<em>q.d.</em> like “a bolt from the blue”], strike at vulnerable points, shun places that are defended, attack in unexpected quarters.” The difference of meaning between 空 and 虛 is worth noting."},{"ref":"16.7","t":"攻而必取者攻其所不守也守而必固者守其所不攻也"},{"ref":"16.7a","t":"You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended."},{"ref":"16.7b","t":"所不守 is of course hyperbolical; Wang Hsi rightly explains it as “weak points; that is to say, where the general is lacking in capacity, or the soldiers in spirit; where the walls are not strong enough, or the precautions not strict enough; where relief comes too late, or provisions are too scanty, or the defenders are variance amongst themselves.”"},{"ref":"16.7c","t":"You can ensure the safety of your defence if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked."},{"ref":"16.7d","t":"<em>I.e.</em> where there are none of the weak points mentioned above. There is rather a nice point involved in the interpretation of this latter clause. Tu Mu, Ch’ên Hao, and Mei Yao-ch’ên assume the meaning to be: “In order to make your defence quite safe, you must defend <em>even</em> those places that are not likely to be attacked;” and Tu Mu adds: “How much more, then, those that will be attacked.” Taken thus, however, the clause balances less well with the preceding — always a consideration in the highly antithetical style which is natural to the Chinese. Chang Yü, therefore, seems to come nearer the mark in saying: “He who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven [see IV. § 7], making it impossible for the enemy to guard against him. This being so, the places that I shall attack are precisely those that the enemy cannot defend.... He who is skilled in defence hides in the most secret recesses of the earth, making it impossible for the enemy to estimate his whereabouts. This being so, the places that I shall hold are precisely those that the enemy cannot attack.”"},{"ref":"16.8","t":"故善攻者敵不知其所守善守者敵不知其所攻"},{"ref":"16.8a","t":"Hence that general is skilful in attack whose opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skilful in defence whose opponent does not know what to attack."},{"ref":"16.8b","t":"An aphorism which puts the whole art of war into a nutshell."},{"ref":"16.9","t":"微乎微乎至於無形神乎神乎至於無聲故能爲敵之司命"},{"ref":"16.9a","t":"O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible;"},{"ref":"16.9b","t":"Literally, “without form or sound,” but it is said of course with reference to the enemy. Chang Yü, whom I follow, draws no sharp distinction between 微 and 神, but Tu Mu and others think that 微 indicates the secrecy to be observed on the defensive, and 神 the rapidity to be displayed in attack. The <em>Yü Lan</em> text differs considerably from ours, reading: 微乎微乎故能隱於常形神乎神乎故能爲敵司命."},{"ref":"16.9c","t":"and hence we can hold the enemy’s fate in our hands."},{"ref":"16.9d","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> has 故能爲變化司命. Capt. Calthrop’s version of this paragraph is so remarkable that I cannot refrain from quoting it in full: “Now the secrets of the art of offence are not to be easily apprehended, as a certain shape or noise can be understood, of the senses; but when these secrets are once learnt, the enemy is mastered.”"},{"ref":"16.10","t":"進而不可禦者衝其虛也退而不可追者速而不可及也"},{"ref":"16.10a","t":"You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the enemy’s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy."},{"ref":"16.10b","t":"The second member of the sentence is weak, because 不可及 is nearly tautologous with 不可追. The <em>Yü Lan</em> reads 遠 for 速."},{"ref":"16.11","t":"故我欲戰敵雖高壘深溝不得不與我戰者攻其所必救也"},{"ref":"16.11a","t":"If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is to attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve."},{"ref":"16.11b","t":"Tu Mu says: “If the enemy is the invading party, we can cut his line of communications and occupy the roads by which he will have to return; if we are the invaders, we may direct our attack against the sovereign himself.” It is clear that Sun Tzŭ, unlike certain generals in the late Boer war, was no believer in frontal attacks."},{"ref":"16.12","t":"我不欲戰畫地而守之敵不得與我戰者乖其所之也"},{"ref":"16.12a","t":"If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way."},{"ref":"16.12b","t":"In order to preserve the parallelism with § 11, I should prefer to follow the <em>T’u Shu</em> text, which inserts 雖 before 畫地. This extremely concise expression is intelligibly paraphrased by Chia Lin: 雖未修壘壍 “even though we have constructed neither wall nor ditch.” The real crux of the passage lies in 乖其所之也. 之 of course = 至. Ts’ao Kung defines 乖 by the word 戾, which is perhaps a case of <em>obscurum per obscurius</em>. Li Ch’üan, however, says: 設奇異而疑之 “we puzzle him by strange and unusual dispositions;” and Tu Mu finally clinches the meaning by three illustrative anecdotes — one of 諸葛亮 Chu-ko Liang, who when occupying 陽平 Yang-p’ing and about to be attacked by 司馬懿 Ssŭ-ma I, suddenly struck his colours, stopped the beating of the drums, and flung open the city gates, showing only a few men engaged in sweeping and sprinkling the ground. This unexpected proceeding had the intended effect; for Ssŭ-ma I, suspecting an ambush, actually drew off his army and retreated. What Sun Tzŭ is advocating here, therefore, is nothing more nor less than the timely use of “bluff.” Capt. Calthrop translates: “and prevent the enemy from attacking by keeping him in suspense,” which shows that he has not fully grasped the meaning of 乖."},{"ref":"16.13","t":"故形人而我無形則我專而敵分"},{"ref":"16.13a","t":"By discovering the enemy’s dispositions and remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy’s must be divided."},{"ref":"16.13b","t":"The conclusion is perhaps not very obvious, but Chang Yü (after Mei Yao-ch’ên) rightly explains it thus: “If the enemy’s dispositions are visible, we can make for him in one body; whereas, our own dispositions being kept secret, the enemy will be obliged to divide his forces in order to guard against attack from every quarter.” 形 is here used as an active verb: “to make to appear.” See IV, note on heading. Capt. Calthrop’s “making feints” is quite wrong."},{"ref":"16.14","t":"我專爲一敵分爲十是以十共其一也則我衆而敵寡"},{"ref":"16.14a","t":"We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole,"},{"ref":"16.14b","t":"The original text has 以敵攻其一也, which in accordance with the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> has been altered as above. I adopt the more plausible reading of the <em>T’u Shu</em>: 是以十攻其一也, in spite of having to refer 十 to ourselves and not to the enemy. Thus Tu Yu and Mei Yao-ch’ên both regard 十 as the undivided force, consisting of so many parts, and 一 as each of the isolated fractions of the enemy. The alteration of 攻 into 共 can hardly be right, though the true text might conceivably have been 是以十共攻其一也."},{"ref":"16.14c","t":"which means that we shall be many to the enemy’s few."},{"ref":"16.15","t":"能以衆擊寡者則吾之所與戰者約矣"},{"ref":"16.15a","t":"And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits."},{"ref":"16.15b","t":"For 擊, the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> have 敵. Tu Yu, followed by the other commentators, arbitrarily defines 約 as 少而易勝 “few and easy to conquer,” but only succeeds thereby in making the sentence absolutely pointless. As for Capt. Calthrop’s translation: “In superiority of numbers there is economy of strength,” its meaning is probably known to himself alone. In justification of my own rendering of 約, I would refer to <em>Lun Yü</em> IV. 2 and VII. 25 (3)."},{"ref":"16.16","t":"吾所與戰之地不可知不可知則敵所備者多敵所備者多則吾所與戰者寡矣"},{"ref":"16.16a","t":"The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different points;"},{"ref":"16.16b","t":"Sheridan once explained the reason of General Grant’s victories by saying that “while his opponents were kept fully employed wondering what he was going to do, <em>he</em> was thinking most of what he was going to do himself.”"},{"ref":"16.16c","t":"and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few."},{"ref":"16.17","t":"故備前則後寡備後則前寡備左則右寡備右則左寡無所不備則無所不寡"},{"ref":"16.17a","t":"For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak."},{"ref":"16.17b","t":"In Frederick the Great’s <em>Instructions to his Generals</em> we read: “A defensive war is apt to betray us into too frequent detachment. Those generals who have had but little experience attempt to protect every point, while those who are better acquainted with their profession, having only the capital object in view, guard against a decisive blow, and acquiesce in smaller misfortunes to avoid greater.”"},{"ref":"16.18","t":"寡者備人者也衆者使人備己者也"},{"ref":"16.18a","t":"Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations against us."},{"ref":"16.18b","t":"The highest generalship, in Col. Henderson’s words, is “to compel the enemy to disperse his army, and then to concentrate superior force against each fraction in turn.”"},{"ref":"16.19","t":"故知戰之地知戰之日則可千里而會戰"},{"ref":"16.19a","t":"Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight."},{"ref":"16.19b","t":"There is nothing about “defeating” anybody in this sentence, as Capt. Calthrop translates. What Sun Tzŭ evidently has in mind is that nice calculation of distances and that masterly employment of strategy which enable a general to divide his army for the purpose of a long and rapid march, and afterwards to effect a junction at precisely the right spot and the right hour in order to confront the enemy in overwhelming strength. Among many such successful junctions which military history records, one of the most dramatic and decisive was the appearance of Blücher just at the critical moment on the field of Waterloo."},{"ref":"16.20","t":"不知戰地不知戰日則左不能救右右不能救左前不能救後後不能救前而況遠者數十里近者數里乎"},{"ref":"16.20a","t":"But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be impotent to succour the right, the right equally impotent to succour the left, the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred <em>li</em> apart, and even the nearest are separated by several <em>li</em>!"},{"ref":"16.20b","t":"The Chinese of this last sentence is a little lacking in precision, but the mental picture we are required to draw is probably that of an army advancing towards a given rendez-vous in separate columns, each of which has orders to be there on a fixed date. If the general allows the various detachments to proceed at haphazard, without precise instructions as to the time and place of meeting, the enemy will be able to annihilate the army in detail. Chang Yü’s note may be worth quoting here: “If we do not know the place where our opponents mean to concentrate or the day on which they will join battle, our unity will be forfeited through our preparations for defence, and the positions we hold will be insecure. Suddenly happening upon a powerful foe, we shall be brought to battle in a flurried condition, and no mutual support will be possible between wings, vanguard or rear, especially if there is any great distance between the foremost and hindmost divisions of the army.”"},{"ref":"16.21","t":"以吾度之越人之兵雖多亦奚益於勝敗哉故曰勝可爲也"},{"ref":"16.21a","t":"Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yüeh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory."},{"ref":"16.21b","t":"Capt. Calthrop omits 以吾度之, and his translation of the remainder is flabby and inaccurate. As Sun Tzŭ was in the service of the 吳 Wu State, it has been proposed to read 吳 instead of 吾 — a wholly unnecessary tampering with the text. Yüeh coincided roughly with the present province of Chehkiang. Li Ch’üan very strangely takes 越 not as the proper name, but in the sense of 過 “to surpass.” No other commentator follows him. 勝敗 belongs to the class of expressions like 遠近 “distance,” 大小 “magnitude,” etc. to which the Chinese have to resort in order to express abstract ideas of degree. The <em>T’u Shu</em>, however, omits 敗."},{"ref":"16.21c","t":"I say then that victory can be achieved."},{"ref":"16.21d","t":"Alas for these brave words! The long feud between the two states ended in 473 B.C. with the total defeat of Wu by 勾踐 Kou Chien and its incorporation in Yüeh. This was doubtless long after Sun Tzŭ’s death. With his present assertion compare IV. § 4: 勝可知而不可爲 (which is the obviously mistaken reading of the <em>Yü Lan</em> here). Chang Yü is the only one to point out the seeming discrepancy, which he thus goes on to explain: “In the chapter on Tactical Dispositions it is said, ‘One may <em>know</em> how to conquer without being able to <em>do</em> it,’ whereas here we have the statement that ‘victory can be achieved.’ The explanation is, that in the former chapter, where the offensive and defensive are under discussion, it is said that if the enemy is fully prepared, one cannot make certain of beating him. But the present passage refers particularly to the soldiers of Yüeh who, according to Sun Tzŭ’s calculations, will be kept in ignorance of the time and place of the impending struggle. That is why he says here that victory can be achieved.”"},{"ref":"16.22","t":"敵雖衆可使無鬥故策之而知得失之計"},{"ref":"16.22a","t":"Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting."},{"ref":"16.22b","t":"Capt. Calthrop quite unwarrantably translates: “<em>If</em> the enemy be many in number, prevent him,” etc."},{"ref":"16.22c","t":"Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success."},{"ref":"16.22d","t":"This is the first of four similarly constructed sentences, all of which present decided difficulties. Chang Yü explains 知得失之計 as 知其計之得失. This is perhaps the best way of taking the words, though Chia Lin, referring 計 to ourselves and not the enemy, offers the alternative of 我得彼失之計皆先知也 “Know beforehand all plans conducive to our success and to the enemy’s failure.”"},{"ref":"16.23","t":"作之而知動靜之理形之而知死生之地"},{"ref":"16.23a","t":"Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity."},{"ref":"16.23b","t":"Instead of 作, the <em>T’ung Tien</em>, <em>Yü Lan</em>, and also Li Ch’üan’s text have 候, which the latter explains as “the observation of omens,” and Chia Lin simply as “watching and waiting.” 作 is defined by Tu Mu as 激作, and Chang Yü tells us that by noting the joy or anger shown by the enemy on being thus disturbed, we shall be able to conclude whether his policy is to lie low or the reverse. He instances the action of Chu-ko Liang, who sent the scornful present of a woman’s head-dress to Ssŭ-ma I, in order to goad him out of his Fabian tactics."},{"ref":"16.23c","t":"Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots."},{"ref":"16.23d","t":"Two commentators, Li Ch’üan and Chang Yü, take 形之 in the sense of 示之 “put on specious appearances.” The former says: “You may either deceive the enemy by a show of weakness — striking your colours and silencing your drums; or by a show of strength — making a hollow display of camp-fires and regimental banners.” And the latter quotes V. 19, where 形之 certainly seems to bear this sense. On the other hand, I would point to § 13 of this chapter, where 形 must with equal certainty be active. It is hard to choose between the two interpretations, but the context here agrees better, I think, with the one that I have adopted. Another difficulty arises over 死生之地, which most of the commentators, thinking no doubt of the 死地 in XI. § 1, refer to the actual <em>ground</em> on which the enemy is encamped. The notes of Chia Lin and Mei Yao-ch’ên, however, seem to favour my view. The same phrase has a somewhat different meaning in I. § 2."},{"ref":"16.24","t":"角之而知有餘不足之處"},{"ref":"16.24a","t":"Carefully compare the opposing army with your own,"},{"ref":"16.24b","t":"Tu Yu is right, I think, in attributing this force to 角; Ts’ao Kung defines it simply as 量. Capt. Calthrop surpasses himself with the staggering translation “Flap the wings”! Can the Latin <em>cornu</em> (in its figurative sense) have been at the back of his mind?"},{"ref":"16.24c","t":"so that you may know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient."},{"ref":"16.24d","t":"Cf. IV. § 6."},{"ref":"16.25","t":"故形兵之極至於無形無形則深閒不能窺知者不能謀"},{"ref":"16.25a","t":"In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to conceal them;"},{"ref":"16.25b","t":"The piquancy of the paradox evaporates in translation. 無形 is perhaps not so much actual invisibility (see <em>supra</em>, § 9) as “showing no sign” of what you mean to do, of the plans that are formed in your brain."},{"ref":"16.25c","t":"conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains."},{"ref":"16.25d","t":"深閒 is expanded by Tu Mu into 雖有閒者深來窺我. [For 閒, see XIII, note on heading.] He explains 知者 in like fashion: 雖有智能之士亦不能謀我也 “though the enemy may have clever and capable officers, they will not be able to lay any plans against us.”"},{"ref":"16.26","t":"因形而錯勝於衆衆不能知"},{"ref":"16.26a","t":"How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy’s own tactics — that is what the multitude cannot comprehend."},{"ref":"16.26b","t":"All the commentators except Li Ch’üan make 形 refer to the enemy. So Ts’ao Kung: 因敵形而立勝. 錯 is defined as 置. The <em>T’u Shu</em> has 措, with the same meaning. See IV. § 13. The <em>Yü Lan</em> reads 作, evidently a gloss."},{"ref":"16.27","t":"人皆知我所以勝之形而莫知吾所以制勝之形"},{"ref":"16.27a","t":"All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved."},{"ref":"16.27b","t":"<em>I.e.</em> everybody can see superficially how a battle is won; what they cannot see is the long series of plans and combinations which has preceded the battle. It seems justifiable, then, to render the first 形 by “tactics” and the second by “strategy.”"},{"ref":"16.28","t":"故其戰勝不復而應形於無窮"},{"ref":"16.28a","t":"Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances."},{"ref":"16.28b","t":"As Wang Hsi sagely remarks: “There is but one root-principle (理) underlying victory, but the tactics (形) which lead up to it are infinite in number.” With this compare Col. Henderson; “The rules of strategy are few and simple. They may be learned in a week. They may be taught by familiar illustrations or a dozen diagrams. But such knowledge will no more teach a man to lead an army like Napoleon than a knowledge of grammar will teach him to write like Gibbon.”"},{"ref":"16.29","t":"夫兵形象水水之行避高而趨下"},{"ref":"16.29a","t":"Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards."},{"ref":"16.29b","t":"行 is 劉晝子 Liu Chou-tzŭ’s reading for 形 in the original text."},{"ref":"16.30","t":"兵之形避實而擊虛"},{"ref":"16.30a","t":"So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is weak."},{"ref":"16.30b","t":"Like water, taking the line of least resistance."},{"ref":"16.31","t":"水因地而制流兵因敵而制勝"},{"ref":"16.31a","t":"Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it flows;"},{"ref":"16.31b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 制形, — the latter also 制行. The present text is derived from Chêng Yu-hsien."},{"ref":"16.31c","t":"the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing."},{"ref":"16.32","t":"故兵無常勢水無常形"},{"ref":"16.32a","t":"Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are no constant conditions."},{"ref":"16.33","t":"能因敵變化而取勝者謂之神"},{"ref":"16.33a","t":"He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain."},{"ref":"16.34","t":"故五行無常勝四時無常位日有短長月有死生"},{"ref":"16.34a","t":"The five elements"},{"ref":"16.34b","t":"Water, fire, wood, metal, earth."},{"ref":"16.34c","t":"are not always equally predominant;"},{"ref":"16.34d","t":"That is, as Wang Hsi says: 迭相克也 “they predominate alternately.”"},{"ref":"16.34e","t":"the four seasons make way for each other in turn."},{"ref":"16.34f","t":"Literally, “have no invariable seat.”"},{"ref":"16.34g","t":"There are short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing."},{"ref":"16.34h","t":"Cf. V. § 6. The purport of the passage is simply to illustrate the want of fixity in war by the changes constantly taking place in Nature. The comparison is not very happy, however, because the regularity of the phenomena which Sun Tzŭ mentions is by no means paralleled in war."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER VII. MANŒUVRING."},{"ref":"17.1","t":"軍爭篇"},{"ref":"17.2","t":"THE COMMENTATORS, AS well as the subsequent text, make it clear that this is the real meaning of 軍爭. Thus, Li Ch’üan says that 爭 means 趨利 “marching rapidly to seize an advantage”; Wang Hsi says: 爭者爭利得利則勝 “‘Striving’ means striving for an advantage; this being obtained, victory will follow;” and Chang Yü: 兩軍相對而爭利也 “The two armies face to face, and each striving to obtain a tactical advantage over the other.” According to the latter commentator, then, the situation is analogous to that of two wrestlers manœuvring for a “hold,” before coming to actual grips. In any case, we must beware of translating 爭 by the word “fighting” or “battle,” as if it were equivalent to 戰. Capt. Calthrop falls into this mistake."},{"ref":"17.1a","t":"孫子曰凡用兵之法將受命於君"},{"ref":"17.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign."},{"ref":"17.1b","t":"For 君 there is another reading 天, which Li Ch’üan explains as 恭行天罰 “being the reverent instrument of Heaven’s chastisement.”"},{"ref":"17.2a","t":"合軍聚衆交和而舍"},{"ref":"17.2aa","t":"Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and harmonise the different elements thereof before pitching his camp."},{"ref":"17.2b","t":"Ts’ao Kung takes 和 as referring to the 和門 or main gate of the military camp. This, Tu Mu tells us, was formed with a couple of flags hung across. [Cf. <em>Chou Li</em>, ch. xxvii. fol. 31 of the Imperial edition: 直旌門.] 交和 would then mean “setting up his 和門 opposite that of the enemy.” But Chia Lin’s explanation, which has been adopted above, is on the whole simpler and better. Chang Yü, while following Ts’ao Kung, adds that the words may also be taken to mean “the establishment of harmony and confidence between the higher and lower ranks before venturing into the field;” and he quotes a saying of Wu Tzŭ (chap. 1 <em>ad init.</em>): “Without harmony in the State, no military expedition can be undertaken; without harmony in the army, no battle array can be formed.” In the historical romance 東周列國, chap. 75, Sun Tzŭ himself is represented as saying to 伍員 Wu Yüan: 大凡行兵之法先除內患然後方可外征 “As a general rule, those who are waging war should get rid of all domestic troubles before proceeding to attack the external foe.” 舍 is defined as 止. It here conveys the notion of encamping after having taken the field."},{"ref":"17.3","t":"莫難於軍爭軍爭之難者以迂爲直以患爲利"},{"ref":"17.3a","t":"After that, comes tactical manœuvring, than which there is nothing more difficult."},{"ref":"17.3b","t":"I have departed slightly from the traditional interpretation of Ts’ao Kung, who says: 從始受命至於交和軍爭難也 “From the time of receiving the sovereign’s instructions until our encampment over against the enemy, the tactics to be pursued are most difficult.” It seems to me that the 軍爭 tactics or manœuvres can hardly be said to begin until the army has sallied forth and encamped, and Ch’ên Hao’s note gives colour to this view: “For levying, concentrating, harmonising and intrenching an army, there are plenty of old rules which will serve. The real difficulty comes when we engage in tactical operations.” Tu Yu also observes that “the great difficulty is to be beforehand with the enemy in seizing favourable positions.”"},{"ref":"17.3c","t":"The difficulty of tactical manœuvring consists in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain."},{"ref":"17.3d","t":"以迂爲直 is one of those highly condensed and somewhat enigmatical expressions of which Sun Tzŭ is so fond. This is how it is explained by Ts’ao Kung: 示以遠速其道里先敵至也 “Make it appear that you are a long way off, then cover the distance rapidly and arrive on the scene before your opponent.” Tu Mu says: “Hoodwink the enemy, so that he may be remiss and leisurely while you are dashing along with the utmost speed.” Ho Shih gives a slightly different turn to the sentence: “Although you may have difficult ground to traverse and natural obstacles to encounter, this is a drawback which can be turned into actual advantage by celerity of movement.” Signal examples of this saying are afforded by the two famous passages across the Alps — that of Hannibal, which laid Italy at his mercy, and that of Napoleon two thousand years later, which resulted in the great victory of Marengo."},{"ref":"17.4","t":"故迂其途而誘之以利後人發先人至此知迂直之計者也"},{"ref":"17.4a","t":"Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him, shows knowledge of the artifice of <em>deviation</em>."},{"ref":"17.4b","t":"Chia Lin understands 途 as the <em>enemy’s</em> line of march, thus: “If our adversary’s course is really a short one, and we can manage to divert him from it (迂之) either by simulating weakness or by holding out some small advantage, we shall be able to beat him in the race for good positions.” This is quite a defensible view, though not adopted by any other commentator. 人 of course = 敵, and 後 and 先 are to be taken as verbs. Tu Mu cites the famous march of 趙奢 Chao Shê in 270 B.C. to relieve the town of 閼與 O-yü, which was closely invested by a 秦 Ch’in army. [It should be noted that the above is the correct pronunciation of 閼與, as given in the commentary on the <em>Ch’ien Han Shu</em>, ch. 34. Giles’ dictionary gives “Yü-yü,” and Chavannes, I know not on what authority, prefers to write “Yen-yü.” The name is omitted altogether from Playfair’s “Cities and Towns.”] The King of Chao first consulted 廉頗 Lien P’o on the advisability of attempting a relief, but the latter thought the distance too great, and the intervening country too rugged and difficult. His Majesty then turned to Chao Shê, who fully admitted the hazardous nature of the march, but finally said: “We shall be like two rats fighting in a hole — and the pluckier one will win!” So he left the capital with his army, but had only gone a distance of 30 <em>li</em> when he stopped and began throwing up intrenchments. For 28 days he continued strengthening his fortifications, and took care that spies should carry the intelligence to the enemy. The Ch’in general was overjoyed, and attributed his adversary’s tardiness to the fact that the beleaguered city was in the Han State, and thus not actually part of Chao territory. But the spies had no sooner departed than Chao Shê began a forced march lasting for two days and one night, and arrived on the scene of action with such astonishing rapidity that he was able to occupy a commanding position on the 北山 “North hill” before the enemy had got wind of his movements. A crushing defeat followed for the Ch’in forces, who were obliged to raise the siege of O-yü in all haste and retreat across the border. [See 史記, chap. 81.]"},{"ref":"17.5","t":"故軍爭爲利衆爭爲危"},{"ref":"17.5a","t":"Manœuvring with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous."},{"ref":"17.5b","t":"I here adopt the reading of the T’ung Tien, Chêng Yu-hsien and the <em>T’u Shu</em>, where 衆 appears to supply the exact <em>nuance</em> required in order to make sense. The standard text, on the other hand, in which 軍 is repeated, seems somewhat pointless. The commentators take it to mean that manœuvres may be profitable, or they may be dangerous: it all depends on the ability of the general. Capt. Calthrop translates 衆爭 “the wrangles of a multitude”!"},{"ref":"17.6","t":"舉軍而爭利則不及委軍而爭利則輜重捐"},{"ref":"17.6a","t":"If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be too late."},{"ref":"17.6b","t":"The original text has 故 instead of 舉; but a verb is needed to balance 委."},{"ref":"17.6c","t":"On the other hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores."},{"ref":"17.6d","t":"委軍 is evidently unintelligible to the Chinese commentators, who paraphrase the sentence as though it began with 棄輜. Absolute tautology in the apodosis can then only be avoided by drawing an impossibly fine distinction between 棄 and 捐. I submit my own rendering without much enthusiasm, being convinced that there is some deep-seated corruption in the text. On the whole, it is clear that Sun Tzŭ does not approve of a lengthy march being undertaken without supplies. Cf. <em>infra</em>, § 11."},{"ref":"17.7","t":"是故卷甲而趨日夜不處倍道兼行百里而爭利則擒三將軍"},{"ref":"17.7a","t":"Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats,"},{"ref":"17.7b","t":"卷甲 does not mean “to discard one’s armour,” as Capt. Calthrop translates, but implies on the contrary that it is to be carried with you. Chang Yü says: 猶悉甲也 “This means, in full panoply.”"},{"ref":"17.7c","t":"and make forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch,"},{"ref":"17.7d","t":"The ordinary day’s march, according to Tu Mu, was 30 <em>li</em>; but on one occasion, when pursuing 劉備 Liu Pei, Ts’ao Ts’ao is said to have covered the incredible distance of 300 <em>li</em> within twenty-four hours."},{"ref":"17.7e","t":"doing a hundred <em>li</em> in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy."},{"ref":"17.8","t":"勁者先罷者後其法十一而至"},{"ref":"17.8a","t":"The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination."},{"ref":"17.8b","t":"For 罷, see II. § 14. The moral is, as Ts’ao Kung and others point out: Don’t march a hundred <em>li</em> to gain a tactical advantage, either with or without impedimenta. Manœuvres of this description should be confined to short distances. Stonewall Jackson said: “The hardships of forced marches are often more painful than the dangers of battle.” He did not often call upon his troops for extraordinary exertions. It was only when he intended a surprise, or when a rapid retreat was imperative, that he sacrificed everything to speed.¹⁷¹"},{"ref":"17.9","t":"五十里而爭利則蹶上將軍其法半至"},{"ref":"17.9a","t":"If you march fifty <em>li</em> in order to outmanœuvre the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the goal."},{"ref":"17.9b","t":"蹶 is explained as similar in meaning to 挫: literally, “the leader of the first division will be <em>torn away</em>.” Cf. Tso Chuan, 襄 19th year: 是謂蹶其本 “This is a case of [the falling tree] tearing up its roots.”"},{"ref":"17.10","t":"三十里而爭利則三分之二至"},{"ref":"17.10a","t":"If you march thirty <em>li</em> with the same object, two-thirds of your army will arrive."},{"ref":"17.10b","t":"In the <em>T’ung Tien</em> is added: 以是知軍爭之難 “From this we may know the difficulty of manœuvring.”"},{"ref":"17.11","t":"是故軍無輜重則亡無糧食則亡無委積則亡"},{"ref":"17.11a","t":"We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost."},{"ref":"17.11b","t":"委積 is explained by Tu Yu as 芻草之屬 “fodder and the like;” by Tu Mu and Chang Yü as 財貨 “goods in general;” and by Wang Hsi as 薪鹽蔬材之屬 “fuel, salt, foodstuffs, etc.” But I think what Sun Tzŭ meant was “stores accumulated in dépôts,” as distinguished from 輜重 and 糧食, the various impedimenta accompanying an army on its march. Cf. <em>Chou Li</em>, ch. xvi. fol. 10: 委人... 斂薪芻凡疏材木材凡畜聚之物."},{"ref":"17.12","t":"故不知諸侯之謀者不能豫交"},{"ref":"17.12a","t":"We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbours."},{"ref":"17.12b","t":"豫 = 先. Li Ch’üan understands it as 備 “guard against,” which is hardly so good. An original interpretation of 交 is given by Tu Mu, who says it stands for 交兵 or 合戰 “join in battle.”"},{"ref":"17.13","t":"不知山林險阻沮澤之形者不能行軍"},{"ref":"17.13a","t":"We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country — its mountains and forests, its pitfalls"},{"ref":"17.13b","t":"險, defined as 坑塹 (Ts’ao Kung) or 坑坎 (Chang Yü)."},{"ref":"17.13c","t":"and precipices,"},{"ref":"17.13d","t":"阻, defined as 一高一下."},{"ref":"17.13e","t":"its marshes"},{"ref":"17.13f","t":"沮, defined as 水草漸洳者."},{"ref":"17.13g","t":"and swamps."},{"ref":"17.13h","t":"澤, defined as 衆水所歸而不流者."},{"ref":"17.14","t":"不用鄉導者不能得地利"},{"ref":"17.14a","t":"We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides."},{"ref":"17.14b","t":"§§ 12–14 are repeated in chap. XI. § 52."},{"ref":"17.15","t":"故兵以詐立以利動"},{"ref":"17.15a","t":"In war, practise dissimulation, and you will succeed."},{"ref":"17.15b","t":"According to Tu Mu, 立 stands for 立勝. Cf. I. § 18. In the tactics of Turenne, deception of the enemy, especially as to the numerical strength of his troops, took a very prominent position.¹⁷²"},{"ref":"17.15c","t":"Move only if there is a real advantage to be gained."},{"ref":"17.15d","t":"This is the interpretation of all the commentators except Wang Hsi, who has the brief note 誘之也 “Entice out the enemy” (by offering him some apparent advantage)."},{"ref":"17.16","t":"以分合爲變者也"},{"ref":"17.16a","t":"Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by circumstances."},{"ref":"17.17","t":"故其疾如風其徐如林"},{"ref":"17.17a","t":"Let your rapidity be that of the wind,"},{"ref":"17.17b","t":"The simile is doubly appropriate, because the wind is not only swift but, as Mei Yao-ch’ên points out, 無形跡 “invisible and leaves no tracks.”"},{"ref":"17.17c","t":"your compactness that of the forest."},{"ref":"17.17d","t":"It is hardly possible to take 徐 here in its ordinary sense of “sedate,” as Tu Yu tries to do. Mêng Shih comes nearer the mark in his note 緩行須有行列 “When slowly marching, order and ranks must be preserved” — so as to guard against surprise attacks. But natural forests do not grow in rows, whereas they do generally possess the quality of density or compactness. I think then that Mei Yao-ch’ên uses the right adjective in saying 如林之森然."},{"ref":"17.18","t":"侵掠如火不動如山"},{"ref":"17.18a","t":"In raiding and plundering be like fire,"},{"ref":"17.18b","t":"Cf. <em>Shih Ching</em>, IV. 3. iv. 6: 如火烈烈則莫我敢曷 “Fierce as a blazing fire which no man can check.”"},{"ref":"17.18c","t":"in immovability like a mountain."},{"ref":"17.18d","t":"That is, when holding a position from which the enemy is trying to dislodge you, or perhaps, as Tu Yu says, when he is trying to entice you into a trap."},{"ref":"17.19","t":"難知如陰動如雷霆"},{"ref":"17.19a","t":"Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt."},{"ref":"17.19b","t":"The original text has 震 instead of 霆. Cf. IV. § 7. Tu Yu quotes a saying of T’ai Kung which has passed into a proverb: 疾雷不及掩耳疾電不及瞑目 “You cannot shut your ears to the thunder or your eyes to the lightning — so rapid are they.” Likewise, an attack should be made so quickly that it cannot be parried."},{"ref":"17.20","t":"掠鄉分衆廓地分利"},{"ref":"17.20a","t":"When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men;"},{"ref":"17.20b","t":"The reading of Tu Yu, Chia Lin, and apparently Ts’ao Kung, is 指向分衆, which is explained as referring to the subdivision of the army, mentioned in V. §§ 1, 2, by means of banners and flags, serving to point out (指) to each man the way he should go (向). But this is very forced, and the ellipsis is too great, even for Sun Tzŭ. Luckily, the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> have the variant 嚮, which not only suggests the true reading 鄉, but affords some clue to the way in which the corruption arose. Some early commentator having inserted 向 as the sound of 鄉, the two may afterwards have been read as one character; and this being interchangeable with 向, 鄉 must finally have disappeared altogether. Meanwhile, 掠 would have been altered to 指 in order to make sense. As regards 分衆, I believe that Ho Shih alone has grasped the real meaning, the other commentators understanding it as “dividing the men into parties” to search for plunder. Sun Tzŭ wishes to lessen the abuses of indiscriminate plundering by insisting that all booty shall be thrown into a common stock, which may afterwards be fairly divided amongst all."},{"ref":"17.20c","t":"when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery."},{"ref":"17.20d","t":"That this is the meaning, may be gathered from Tu Mu’s note: 開土拓境則分割與有功者. The 三略 gives the same advice: 獲地裂之. 廓 means “to enlarge” or “extend” — at the expense of the enemy, understood. Cf. <em>Shih Ching</em>, III. 1. vii. 1: 憎其式廓 “hating all the great States.” Ch’ên Hao also says 屯兵種蒔 “quarter your soldiers on the land, and let them sow and plant it.” It is by acting on this principle, and harvesting the lands they invaded, that the Chinese have succeeded in carrying out some of their most memorable and triumphant expeditions, such as that of 班超 Pan Ch’ao who penetrated to the Caspian, and in more recent years, those of 福康安 Fu-k’ang-an and 左宗棠 Tso Tsung-t’ang."},{"ref":"17.21","t":"懸權而動"},{"ref":"17.21a","t":"Ponder and deliberate"},{"ref":"17.21b","t":"Note that both these words, like the Chinese 懸權, are really metaphors derived from the use of scales."},{"ref":"17.21c","t":"before you make a move."},{"ref":"17.21d","t":"Chang Yü quotes 尉繚子 as saying that we must not break camp until we have gauged the resisting power of the enemy and the cleverness of the opposing general. Cf. the “seven comparisons” in I. § 13. Capt. Calthrop omits this sentence."},{"ref":"17.22","t":"先知迂直之計者勝此軍爭之法也"},{"ref":"17.22a","t":"He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation."},{"ref":"17.22b","t":"See <em>supra</em>, §§ 3, 4."},{"ref":"17.22c","t":"Such is the art of manœuvring."},{"ref":"17.22d","t":"With these words, the chapter would naturally come to an end. But there now follows a long appendix in the shape of an extract from an earlier book on War, now lost, but apparently extant at the time when Sun Tzŭ wrote. The style of this fragment is not noticeably different from that of Sun Tzŭ himself, but no commentator raises a doubt as to its genuineness."},{"ref":"17.23","t":"軍政曰言不相聞故爲金鼓視不相見故爲旌旗"},{"ref":"17.23a","t":"The Book of Army Management says:"},{"ref":"17.23b","t":"It is perhaps significant that none of the earlier commentators give us any information about this work. Mei Yao-ch’ên calls it 軍之舊典 “an ancient military classic,” and Wang Hsi, 古軍書 “an old book on war.” Considering the enormous amount of fighting that had gone on for centuries before Sun Tzŭ’s time between the various kingdoms and principalities of China, it is not in itself improbable that a collection of military maxims should have been made and written down at some earlier period."},{"ref":"17.23c","t":"On the field of battle,"},{"ref":"17.23d","t":"Implied, though not actually in the Chinese."},{"ref":"17.23e","t":"the spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums."},{"ref":"17.23f","t":"I have retained the words 金鼓 of the original text, which recur in the next paragraph, in preference to the other reading 鼓鐸 “drums and bells,” which is found in the <em>T’ung Tien</em>, <em>Pei T’ang Shu Ch’ao</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em>. 鐸 is a bell with a clapper. See <em>Lun Yü</em> III. 24, <em>Chou Li</em> XXIX. 15, 29. 金 of course would include both gongs and bells of every kind. The <em>T’u Shu</em> inserts a 之 after each 爲."},{"ref":"17.23g","t":"Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags."},{"ref":"17.24","t":"夫金鼓旌旗者所以一民之耳目也"},{"ref":"17.24a","t":"Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host"},{"ref":"17.24b","t":"The original text, followed by the <em>T’u Shu</em>, has 人 for 民 here and in the next two paragraphs. But, as we have seen, 人 is generally used in Sun Tzŭ for the enemy."},{"ref":"17.24c","t":"may be focussed on one particular point."},{"ref":"17.24d","t":"Note the use of 一 as a verb. Chang Yü says: 視聽均齊則雖百萬之衆進退如一矣 “If sight and hearing converge simultaneously on the same object, the evolutions of as many as a million soldiers will be like those of a single man”!"},{"ref":"17.25","t":"民既專一則勇者不得獨進怯者不得獨退此用衆之法也"},{"ref":"17.25a","t":"The host thus forming a single united body, it is impossible either for the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone."},{"ref":"17.25b","t":"Chang Yü quotes a saying: 令不進而進與令不退而退厥罪惟均 “Equally guilty are those who advance against orders and those who retreat against orders.” Tu Mu tells a story in this connection of 吳起 Wu Ch’i, when he was fighting against the Ch’in State. Before the battle had begun, one of his soldiers, a man of matchless daring, sallied forth by himself, captured two heads from the enemy, and returned to camp. Wu Ch’i had the man instantly executed, whereupon an officer ventured to remonstrate, saying: “This man was a good soldier, and ought not to have been beheaded.” Wu Ch’i replied: “I fully believe he was a good soldier, but I had him beheaded because he acted without orders.”"},{"ref":"17.25c","t":"This is the art of handling large masses of men."},{"ref":"17.26","t":"故夜戰多火鼓晝戰多旌旗所以變民之耳目也"},{"ref":"17.26a","t":"In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army."},{"ref":"17.26b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> has the bad variant 便 for 變. With regard to the latter word, I believe I have hit off the right meaning, the whole phrase being slightly elliptical for “influencing the movements of the army through their senses of sight and hearing.” Li Ch’üan, Tu Mu and Chia Lin certainly seem to understand it thus. The other commentators, however, take 民 (or 人) as the enemy, and 變 as equivalent to 變惑 or 變亂 “to perplex” or “confound.” This does not agree so well with what has gone before, though on the other hand it renders the transition to § 27 less abrupt. The whole question, I think, hinges on the alternative readings 民 and 人. The latter would almost certainly denote the enemy. Ch’ên Hao alludes to 李光弼 Li Kuang-pi’s night ride to 河陽 Ho-yang at the head of 500 mounted men; they made such an imposing display with torches, that though the rebel leader 史思明 Shih Ssŭ-ming had a large army, he did not dare to dispute their passage. [Ch’ên Hao gives the date as 天寳末 A.D. 756; but according to the 新唐書 New T’ang History, 列傳 61, it must have been later than this, probably 760.]"},{"ref":"17.27","t":"故三軍可奪氣將軍可奪心"},{"ref":"17.27a","t":"A whole army may be robbed of its spirit;"},{"ref":"17.27b","t":"“In war,” says Chang Yü, “if a spirit of anger can be made to pervade all ranks of an army at one and the same time, its onset will be irresistible. Now the spirit of the enemy’s soldiers will be keenest when they have newly arrived on the scene, and it is therefore our cue not to fight at once, but to wait until their ardour and enthusiasm have worn off, and then strike. It is in this way that they may be robbed of their keen spirit.” Li Ch’üan and others tell an anecdote (to be found in the <em>Tso Chuan</em>, 莊公 year 10, § 1) of 曹劌 Ts’ao Kuei, a <em>protégé</em> of Duke Chuang of Lu. The latter State was attacked by Ch’i, and the Duke was about to join battle at 長勺 Ch’ang-cho, after the first roll of the enemy’s drums, when Ts’ao said: “Not just yet.” Only after their drums had beaten for the third time, did he give the word for attack. Then they fought, and the men of Ch’i were utterly defeated. Questioned afterwards by the Duke as to the meaning of his delay, Ts’ao Kuei replied: “In battle, a courageous spirit is everything. Now the first roll of the drum tends to create this spirit, but with the second it is already on the wane, and after the third it is gone altogether. I attacked when their spirit was gone and ours was at its height. Hence our victory.” 吳子 (chap. 4) puts “spirit” first among the “four important influences” in war, and continues: 三軍之衆百萬之師張設輕重在於一人是謂氣機 “The value of a whole army — a mighty host of a million men — is dependent on one man alone: such is the influence of spirit!”"},{"ref":"17.27c","t":"a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind."},{"ref":"17.27d","t":"Capt. Calthrop goes woefully astray with “defeat his general’s ambition.” Chang Yü says: 心者將之所主也夫治亂勇怯皆主於心 “Presence of mind is the general’s most important asset. It is the quality which enables him to discipline disorder and to inspire courage into the panic-stricken.” The great general 李靖 Li Ching (A.D. 571–649) has a saying: 夫攻者不止攻其城擊其陳而已必有攻其心之術焉 “Attacking does not merely consist in assaulting walled cities or striking at an army in battle array; it must include the art of assailing the enemy’s mental equilibrium.” [問對, pt. 3.]"},{"ref":"17.28","t":"是故朝氣銳晝氣惰暮氣歸"},{"ref":"17.28a","t":"Now a soldier’s spirit is keenest in the morning;"},{"ref":"17.28b","t":"Always provided, I suppose, that he has had breakfast. At the battle of the Trebia, the Romans were foolishly allowed to fight fasting, whereas Hannibal’s men had breakfasted at their leisure. See Livy, XXI, liv. 8, lv. 1 and 8."},{"ref":"17.28c","t":"by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp."},{"ref":"17.29","t":"故善用兵者避其銳氣擊其惰歸此治氣者也"},{"ref":"17.29a","t":"A clever general, therefore,"},{"ref":"17.29b","t":"The 故, which certainly seems to be wanted here, is omitted in the <em>T’u Shu</em>."},{"ref":"17.29c","t":"avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods."},{"ref":"17.29d","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em>, for reasons of 避諱 “avoidance of personal names of the reigning dynasty,” reads 理 for 治 in this and the two next paragraphs."},{"ref":"17.30","t":"以治待亂以靜待譁此治心者也"},{"ref":"17.30a","t":"Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy: — this is the art of retaining self-possession."},{"ref":"17.31","t":"以近待遠以佚待勞以飽待飢此治力者也"},{"ref":"17.31a","t":"To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease"},{"ref":"17.31b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> has 逸 for 佚. The two characters are practically synonymous, but according to the commentary, the latter is the form always used in Sun Tzŭ."},{"ref":"17.31c","t":"while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished: — this is the art of husbanding one’s strength."},{"ref":"17.32","t":"無要正正之旗勿擊堂堂之陳此治變者也"},{"ref":"17.32a","t":"To refrain from intercepting"},{"ref":"17.32b","t":"邀 is the reading of the original text. But the 兵書要訣 quotes the passage with 要 <em>yao</em>1 (also meaning “to intercept”), and this is supported by the <em>Pei T’ang Shu Ch’ao</em> the <em>Yü Lan</em>, and Wang Hsi’s text."},{"ref":"17.32c","t":"an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident array:"},{"ref":"17.32d","t":"For this translation of 堂堂, I can appeal to the authority of Tu Mu, who defines the phrase as 無懼. The other commentators mostly follow Ts’ao Kung, who says 大, probably meaning “grand and imposing”. Li Ch’üan, however, has 部分 “in subdivisions,” which is somewhat strange."},{"ref":"17.32e","t":"— this is the art of studying circumstances."},{"ref":"17.32f","t":"I have not attempted a uniform rendering of the four phrases 治氣, 治心, 治力 and 治變, though 治 really bears the same meaning in each case. It is to be taken, I think, not in the sense of “to govern” or “control,” but rather, as K’ang Hsi defines it, = 簡習 “to examine and practise,” hence “look after,” “keep a watchful eye upon.” We may find an example of this use in the <em>Chou Li</em>, XVIII. fol. 46: 治其大禮. Sun Tzŭ has not told us to control or restrain the quality which he calls 氣, but only to observe the time at which it is strongest. As for 心, it is important to remember that in the present context it can only mean “presence of mind.” To speak of “controlling presence of mind” is absurd, and Capt. Calthrop’s “to have the heart under control” is hardly less so. The whole process recommended here is that of VI. § 2: 致人而不致於人."},{"ref":"17.33","t":"故用兵之法高陵勿向背邱勿逆"},{"ref":"17.33a","t":"It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill."},{"ref":"17.33b","t":"The <em>Yü Lan</em> reads 倍 for 背."},{"ref":"17.34","t":"佯北勿從銳卒勿攻"},{"ref":"17.34a","t":"Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen."},{"ref":"17.35","t":"餌兵勿食歸師勿遏"},{"ref":"17.35a","t":"Do not swallow a bait offered by the enemy."},{"ref":"17.35b","t":"Li Ch’üan and Tu Mu, with extraordinary inability to see a metaphor, take these words quite literally of food and drink that have been poisoned by the enemy. Ch’ên Hao and Chang Yü carefully point out that the saying has a wider application. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads 貪 “to covet” instead of 食. The similarity of the two characters sufficiently accounts for the mistake."},{"ref":"17.35c","t":"Do not interfere with an army that is returning home."},{"ref":"17.35d","t":"The commentators explain this rather singular piece of advice by saying that a man whose heart is set on returning home will fight to the death against any attempt to bar his way, and is therefore too dangerous an opponent to be tackled. Chang Yü quotes the words of Han Hsin: 從思東歸之士何所不克 “Invincible is the soldier who hath his desire and returneth homewards.” A marvellous tale is told of Ts’ao Ts’ao’s courage and resource in ch. 1 of the <em>San Kuo Chih</em>, 武帝紀: In 198 A.D. he was besieging 張繡 Chang Hsiu in 穰 Jang, when 劉表 Liu Piao sent reinforcements with a view to cutting off Ts’ao’s retreat. The latter was obliged to draw off his troops, only to find himself hemmed in between two enemies, who were guarding each outlet of a narrow pass in which he had engaged himself. In this desperate plight Ts’ao waited until nightfall, when he bored a tunnel into the mountain side and laid an ambush in it. Then he marched on with his baggage-train, and when it grew light, Chang Hsiu, finding that the bird had flown, pressed after him in hot pursuit. As soon as the whole army had passed by, the hidden troops fell on its rear, while Ts’ao himself turned and met his pursuers in front, so that they were thrown into confusion and annihilated. Ts’ao Ts’ao said afterwards: 虜遏吾歸師而與吾死地戰吾是以知勝矣 “The brigands tried to check my army in its retreat and brought me to battle in a desperate position: hence I knew how to overcome them.”"},{"ref":"17.36","t":"圍師必闕窮宼勿迫"},{"ref":"17.36a","t":"When you surround an army, leave an outlet free."},{"ref":"17.36b","t":"This does not mean that the enemy is to be allowed to escape. The object, as Tu Mu puts it, is 示以生路令無必死之心 “to make him believe that there is a road to safety, and thus prevent his fighting with the courage of despair.” Tu Mu adds pleasantly: 因而擊之 “After that, you may crush him.”"},{"ref":"17.36c","t":"Do not press a desperate foe too hard."},{"ref":"17.36d","t":"For 迫, the <em>T’u Shu</em> reads 追 “pursue.” Ch’ên Hao quotes the saying: 鳥窮則搏獸窮則噬 “Birds and beasts when brought to bay will use their claws and teeth.” Chang Yü says: 敵若焚舟破釜決一戰則不可逼迫來 “If your adversary has burned his boats and destroyed his cooking-pots, and is ready to stake all on the issue of a battle, he must not be pushed to extremities.” The phrase 窮宼 doubtless originated with Sun Tzŭ. The <em>P’ei Wên Yün Fu</em> gives four examples of its use, the earliest being from the <em>Ch’ien Han Shu</em>, and I have found another in chap. 34 of the same work. Ho Shih illustrates the meaning by a story taken from the life of 符彥卿 Fu Yen-ch’ing in ch. 251 of the 宋史. That general, together with his colleague 杜重威 Tu Chung-wei, was surrounded by a vastly superior army of Khitans in the year 945 A.D. The country was bare and desert-like, and the little Chinese force was soon in dire straits for want of water. The wells they bored ran dry, and the men were reduced to squeezing lumps of mud and sucking out the moisture. Their ranks thinned rapidly, until at last Fu Yen-ch’ing exclaimed: “We are desperate men. Far better to die for our country than to go with fettered hands into captivity!” A strong gale happened to be blowing from the north-east and darkening the air with dense clouds of sandy dust. Tu Chung-wei was for waiting until this had abated before deciding on a final attack; but luckily another officer, 李守貞 Li Shou-chêng by name, was quicker to see an opportunity, and said: “They are many and we are few, but in the midst of this sandstorm our numbers will not be discernible; victory will go to the strenuous fighter, and the wind will be our best ally.” Accordingly, Fu Yen-ch’ing made a sudden and wholly unexpected onslaught with his cavalry, routed the barbarians and succeeded in breaking through to safety. [Certain details in the above account have been added from the 歴代紀事年表, ch. 78.]"},{"ref":"17.37","t":"此用兵之法也"},{"ref":"17.37a","t":"Such is the art of warfare."},{"ref":"17.37b","t":"Chêng Yu-hsien in his 遺說 inserts 妙 after 法. I take it that these words conclude the extract from the 軍政 which began at § 23."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER VIII. VARIATION OF TACTICS."},{"ref":"18.1","t":"九變篇"},{"ref":"18.2","t":"THE HEADING MEANS literally “The Nine Variations,” but as Sun Tzŭ does not appear to enumerate these, and as, indeed, he has already told us (V. §§ 6–11) that such deflections from the ordinary course are practically innumerable, we have little option but to follow Wang Hsi, who says that “Nine” stands for an indefinitely large number. “All it means is that in warfare 當極其變 we ought to vary our tactics to the utmost degree... I do not know what Ts’ao Kung makes these Nine Variations out to be [the latter’s note is 變其正得其所用九也], but it has been suggested that they are connected with the Nine Situations” — of chap. XI. This is the view adopted by Chang Yü: see note on 死地, § 2. The only other alternative is to suppose that something has been lost — a supposition to which the unusual shortness of the chapter lends some weight."},{"ref":"18.1a","t":"孫子曰凡用兵之法將受命於君合軍聚衆"},{"ref":"18.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces."},{"ref":"18.1b","t":"Repeated from VII. § 1, where it is certainly more in place. It may have been interpolated here merely in order to supply a beginning to the chapter."},{"ref":"18.2a","t":"圮地無舍衢地合交絶地無留圍地則謀死地則戰"},{"ref":"18.2aa","t":"When in difficult country, do not encamp."},{"ref":"18.2b","t":"For explanation of 圮地, see XI. § 8."},{"ref":"18.2c","t":"In country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies."},{"ref":"18.2d","t":"See XI, §§ 6, 12. Capt. Calthrop omits 衢地."},{"ref":"18.2e","t":"Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions."},{"ref":"18.2f","t":"絶地 is not one of the Nine Situations as given in the beginning of chap. XI, but occurs later on (<em>ibid.</em> § 43, <em>q.v.</em>). We may compare it with 重地 (XI. § 7). Chang Yü calls it a 危絶之地, situated across the frontier, in hostile territory. Li Ch’üan says it is “country in which there are no springs or wells, flocks or herds, vegetables or firewood;” Chia Lin, “one of gorges, chasms and precipices, without a road by which to advance.”"},{"ref":"18.2g","t":"In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem."},{"ref":"18.2h","t":"See XI. §§ 9, 14. Capt. Calthrop has “mountainous and wooded country,” which is a quite inadequate translation of 圍."},{"ref":"18.2i","t":"In a desperate position, you must fight."},{"ref":"18.2j","t":"See XI. §§ 10, 14. Chang Yü has an important note here, which must be given in full. “From 圮地無舍,” he says, “down to this point, the Nine Variations are presented to us. The reason why only five are given is that the subject is treated <em>en précis</em> (舉其大略也). So in chap. XI, where he discusses the variations of tactics corresponding to the Nine Grounds, Sun Tzŭ mentions only six variations; there again we have an abridgment. [I cannot understand what Chang Yü means by this statement. He can only be referring to §§ 11–14 or §§ 46–50 of chap. XI; but in both places all the nine grounds are discussed. Perhaps he is confusing these with the Six 地形 of chap. X.] All kinds of ground have corresponding military positions, and also a variation of tactics suitable to each (凡地有勢有變). In chap. XI, what we find enumerated first [§§ 2–10] are the situations; afterwards [§§ 11–14] the corresponding tactics. Now, how can we tell that the 九變 “Nine Variations” are simply the 九地之變 “variations of tactics corresponding to the Nine Grounds”? It is said further on [§ 5] that ‘the general who does not understand the nine variations of tactics may be well acquainted with the features of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.’ Again, in chap. XI [§ 41] we read: ‘The different measures adapted to the nine varieties of ground (九地之變) and the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics must be carefully examined.’ From a consideration of these passages the meaning is made clear. When later on the nine grounds are enumerated, Sun Tzŭ recurs to these nine variations. He wishes here to speak of the Five Advantages [see <em>infra</em>, § 6], so he begins by setting forth the Nine Variations. These are inseparably connected in practice, and therefore they are dealt with together.” The weak point of this argument is the suggestion that 五事 “five things” can stand as a 大畧, that is, an abstract or abridgment, of nine, when those that are omitted are not less important than those that appear, and when one of the latter is not included amongst the nine at all."},{"ref":"18.3","t":"塗有所不由軍有所不擊城有所不攻地有所不爭君命有所不受"},{"ref":"18.3a","t":"There are roads which must not be followed,"},{"ref":"18.3b","t":"“Especially those leading through narrow defiles,” says Li Ch’üan, “where an ambush is to be feared.”"},{"ref":"18.3c","t":"armies which must not be attacked,"},{"ref":"18.3d","t":"More correctly, perhaps, “there are times when an army must not be attacked.” Ch’ên Hao says: “When you see your way to obtain a trivial advantage, but are powerless to inflict a real defeat, refrain from attacking, for fear of overtaxing your men’s strength.”"},{"ref":"18.3e","t":"towns"},{"ref":"18.3f","t":"Capt. Calthrop says “castles” — an unfortunate attempt to introduce local colour."},{"ref":"18.3g","t":"which must not be besieged,"},{"ref":"18.3h","t":"Cf. III. § 4. Ts’ao Kung gives an interesting illustration from his own experience. When invading the territory of 徐州 Hsü-chou, he ignored the city of 華費 Hua-pi, which lay directly in his path, and pressed on into the heart of the country. This excellent strategy was rewarded by the subsequent capture of no fewer than fourteen important district cities. Chang Yü says: “No town should be attacked which, if taken, cannot be held, or if left alone, will not cause any trouble.” 荀罃 Hsün Ying, when urged to attack 偪陽 Pi-yang, replied: “The city is small and well-fortified; even if I succeed in taking it, ‘t will be no great feat of arms; whereas if I fail, I shall make myself a laughing-stock.” In the seventeenth century, sieges still formed a large proportion of war. It was Turenne who directed attention to the importance of marches, countermarches and manœuvres. He said: “It is a great mistake to waste men in taking a town when the same expenditure of soldiers will gain a province.”¹⁷³"},{"ref":"18.3i","t":"positions which must not be contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed."},{"ref":"18.3j","t":"This is a hard saying for the Chinese, with their reverence for authority, and Wei Liao Tzŭ (quoted by Tu Mu) is moved to exclaim: 兵者凶器也爭者逆德也將者死官也 “Weapons are baleful instruments, strife is antagonistic to virtue, a military commander is the negation of civil order!” The unpalatable fact remains, however, that even Imperial wishes must be subordinated to military necessity. Cf. III. § 17. (5), X. § 23. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> has 將在軍 before 君命, etc. This is a gloss on the words by Chu-ko Liang, which being repeated by Tu Yu became incorporated with the text. Chang Yü thinks that these five precepts are the 五利 referred to in § 6. Another theory is that the mysterious 九變 are here enumerated, starting with 圮地無舍 and ending at 地有所不爭, while the final clause 君命有所不受 embraces and as it were sums up all the nine. Thus Ho Shih says: “Even if it be your sovereign’s command to encamp in difficult country, linger in isolated positions, etc. you must not do so.” The theory is perhaps a little too ingenious to be accepted with confidence."},{"ref":"18.4","t":"故將通於九變之利者知用兵矣"},{"ref":"18.4a","t":"The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops."},{"ref":"18.4b","t":"Before 利 in the original text there is a 地 which is obviously not required."},{"ref":"18.5","t":"將不通於九變之利者雖知地形不能得地之利矣"},{"ref":"18.5a","t":"The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account."},{"ref":"18.5b","t":"Literally, “get the advantage of the ground,” which means not only securing good positions, but availing oneself of natural advantages in every possible way. Chang Yü says: “Every kind of ground is characterised by certain natural features, and also gives scope for a certain variability of plan. How is it possible to turn these natural features to account unless topographical knowledge is supplemented by versatility of mind?”"},{"ref":"18.6","t":"治兵不知九變之術雖知五利不能得人之用矣"},{"ref":"18.6a","t":"So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use of his men."},{"ref":"18.6b","t":"Ts’ao Kung says that the 五利 are 下五事也 “the five things that follow;” but this cannot be right. We must rather look back to the five “variations” contained in § 3. Chia Lin (who reads 五變 here to balance the 五利) tells us that these imply five obvious and generally advantageous lines of action, namely: “if a certain road is short, it must be followed; if an army is isolated, it must be attacked; if a town is in a parlous condition, it must be besieged; if a position can be stormed, it must be attempted; and if consistent with military operations, the ruler’s commands must be obeyed.” But there are circumstances which sometimes forbid a general to use these advantages. For instance, “a certain road may be the shortest way for him, but if he knows that it abounds in natural obstacles, or that the enemy has laid an ambush on it, he will not follow that road. A hostile force may be open to attack, but if he knows that it is hard-pressed and likely to fight with desperation, he will refrain from striking,” and so on. Here the 變 comes in to modify the 利, and hence we see the uselessness of knowing the one without the other — of having an eye for weaknesses in the enemy’s armour without being clever enough to recast one’s plans on the spur of the moment. Capt. Calthrop offers this slovenly translation: “In the management of armies, if the art of the Nine Changes be understood [<em>sic</em>], a knowledge of the Five Advantages is of no avail.”"},{"ref":"18.7","t":"是故智者之慮必雜於利害"},{"ref":"18.7a","t":"Hence in the wise leader’s plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together."},{"ref":"18.7b","t":"“Whether in an advantageous position or a disadvantageous one,” says Ts’ao Kung, “the opposite state should be always present to your mind.”"},{"ref":"18.8","t":"雜於利而務可信也"},{"ref":"18.8a","t":"If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes."},{"ref":"18.8b","t":"信, according to Tu Mu, is equivalent to 申, and 務可信也 is paraphrased by Chang Yü as 可以伸己之事. Tu Mu goes on to say: “If we wish to wrest an advantage from the enemy, we must not fix our minds on that alone, but allow for the possibility of the enemy also doing some harm to us, and let this enter as a factor into our calculations.”"},{"ref":"18.9","t":"雜於害而患可解也"},{"ref":"18.9a","t":"If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune."},{"ref":"18.9b","t":"A translator cannot emulate the conciseness of 雜於害 “to blend [thoughts of advantage] with disadvantage,” but the meaning is as given. Tu Mu says: “If I wish to extricate myself from a dangerous position, I must consider not only the enemy’s ability to injure me, but also my own ability to gain an advantage over the enemy. If in my counsels these two considerations are properly blended, I shall succeed in liberating myself.... For instance, if I am surrounded by the enemy and only think of effecting an escape, the nervelessness of my policy will incite my adversary to pursue and crush me; it would be far better to encourage my men to deliver a bold counter-attack, and use the advantage thus gained to free myself from the enemy’s toils.” See the story of Ts’ao Ts’ao, VII. § 35, note. In his first edition, Capt. Calthrop translated §§ 7–9 as follows: “The wise man perceives clearly wherein lies advantage and disadvantage. While recognising an opportunity, he does not overlook the risks, and saves future anxiety.” This has now been altered into: “The wise man considers well both advantage and disadvantage. He sees a way out of adversity, <em>and on the day of victory to danger is not blind</em>.” Owing to a needless inversion of the Chinese, the words which I have italicised are evidently intended to represent § 8!"},{"ref":"18.10","t":"是故屈諸侯者以害役諸侯者以業趨諸侯者以利"},{"ref":"18.10a","t":"Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them;"},{"ref":"18.10b","t":"Chia Lin enumerates several ways of inflicting this injury, some of which would only occur to the Oriental mind:— “Entice away the enemy’s best and wisest men, so that he may be left without counsellors. Introduce traitors into his country, that the government policy may be rendered futile. Foment intrigue and deceit, and thus sow dissension between the ruler and his ministers. By means of every artful contrivance, cause deterioration amongst his men and waste of his treasure. Corrupt his morals by insidious gifts leading him into excess. Disturb and unsettle his mind by presenting him with lovely women.” Chang Yü (after Wang Hsi) considers the 害 to be military chastisement: “Get the enemy,” he says, “into a position where he must suffer injury, and he will submit of his own accord.” Capt. Calthrop twists Sun Tzŭ’s words into an absurdly barbarous precept: “In reducing an enemy to submission, inflict all possible damage upon him.”"},{"ref":"18.10c","t":"make trouble for them,"},{"ref":"18.10d","t":"業 is defined by Ts’ao Kung as 事, and his definition is generally adopted by the commentators. Tu Mu, however, seems to take it in the sense of “possessions,” or, as we might say, “assets,” which he considers to be 兵衆國富人和令行 “a large army, a rich exchequer, harmony amongst the soldiers, punctual fulfilment of commands.” These give us a whip-hand over the enemy."},{"ref":"18.10e","t":"and keep them constantly engaged;"},{"ref":"18.10f","t":"役, literally, “make servants of them.” Tu Yu says 令不得安佚 “prevent them from having any rest.”"},{"ref":"18.10g","t":"hold out specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point."},{"ref":"18.10h","t":"Mêng Shih’s note contains an excellent example of the idiomatic use of 變: 令忘變而速至 “cause them to forget <em>pien</em> (the reasons for acting otherwise than on their first impulse), and hasten in our direction.”"},{"ref":"18.11","t":"故用兵之法無恃其不來恃吾有以待也無恃其不攻恃吾有所不可攻也"},{"ref":"18.11a","t":"The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy’s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him;"},{"ref":"18.11b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 有能以待之也, but the conciser form is more likely to be right."},{"ref":"18.11c","t":"not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable."},{"ref":"18.11d","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> insert 吾也 after the first 攻, and omit 有所."},{"ref":"18.12","t":"故將有五危必死可殺也必生可虜也忿速可侮也廉潔可辱也愛民可煩也"},{"ref":"18.12a","t":"There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general: (1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;"},{"ref":"18.12b","t":"勇而無慮 “Bravery without forethought,” as Ts’ao Kung analyses it, which causes a man to fight blindly and desperately like a mad bull. Such an opponent, says Chang Yü, “must not be encountered with brute force, but may be lured into an ambush and slain.” Cf. Wu Tzŭ, chap. IV <em>ad init.</em>: 凡人論將常觀於勇勇之於將乃數分之一耳夫勇者必輕合輕合而不知利未可也 “In estimating the character of a general, men are wont to pay exclusive attention to his courage, forgetting that courage is only one out of many qualities which a general should possess. The merely brave man is prone to fight recklessly; and he who fights recklessly, without any perception of what is expedient, must be condemned.” The <em>Ssŭ-ma Fa</em>, too, makes the incisive remark 上死不勝 “Simply going to one’s death does not bring about victory.”"},{"ref":"18.12c","t":"(2) cowardice, which leads to capture;"},{"ref":"18.12d","t":"必生 is explained by Ts’ao Kung of the man “whom timidity prevents from advancing to seize an advantage,” and Wang Hsi adds, “who is quick to flee at the sight of danger.” Mêng Shih gives the closer paraphrase 志必生反 “he who is bent on returning alive,” that is, the man who will never take a risk. But, as Sun Tzŭ knew, nothing is to be achieved in war unless you are willing to take risks. T’ai Kung said: 失利後時反受其殃 “He who lets an advantage slip will subsequently bring upon himself real disaster.” In 404 A.D. 劉裕 Liu Yü pursued the rebel 桓 Huan Hsüan up the Yangtsze and fought a naval battle with him at 崢嶸洲 the island of Ch’êng-hung. The loyal troops numbered only a few thousands, while their opponents were in great force. But Huan Hsüan, fearing the fate which was in store for him should he be overcome, had a light boat made fast to the side of his war-junk, so that he might escape, if necessary, at a moment’s notice. The natural result was that the fighting spirit of his soldiers was utterly quenched, and when the loyalists made an attack from windward with fireships, all striving with the utmost ardour to be first in the fray, Huan Hsüan’s forces were routed, had to burn all their baggage and fled for two days and nights without stopping. [<em>See</em> 晉書, chap. 99, fol. 13.] Chang Yü tells a somewhat similar story of 趙嬰齊 Chao Ying-ch’i, a general of the Chin State who during a battle with the army of Ch’u in 597 B.C. had a boat kept in readiness for him on the river, wishing in case of defeat to be the first to get across."},{"ref":"18.12e","t":"(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;"},{"ref":"18.12f","t":"I fail to see the meaning of Capt. Calthrop’s “which brings insult.” Tu Mu tells us that 姚襄 Yao Hsiang, when opposed in 357 A.D. by 黃眉 Huang Mei, 鄧羌 Têng Ch’iang and others, shut himself up behind his walls and refused to fight. Têng Ch’iang said: “Our adversary is of a choleric temper and easily provoked; let us make constant sallies and break down his walls, then he will grow angry and come out. Once we can bring his force to battle, it is doomed to be our prey.” This plan was acted upon, Yao Hsiang came out to fight, was lured on as far as 三原 San-yuan by the enemy’s pretended flight, and finally attacked and slain."},{"ref":"18.12g","t":"(4) a delicacy of honour which is sensitive to shame;"},{"ref":"18.12h","t":"This need not be taken to mean that a sense of honour is really a defect in a general. What Sun Tzŭ condemns is rather an exaggerated sensitiveness to slanderous reports, the thin-skinned man who is stung by opprobrium, however undeserved. Mei Yao-ch’ên truly observes, though somewhat paradoxically: 徇名不顧 “The seeker after glory should be careless of public opinion.”"},{"ref":"18.12i","t":"(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble."},{"ref":"18.12j","t":"Here again, Sun Tzŭ does not mean that the general is to be careless of the welfare of his troops. All he wishes to emphasise is the danger of sacrificing any important military advantage to the immediate comfort of his men. This is a shortsighted policy, because in the long run the troops will suffer more from the defeat, or, at best, the prolongation of the war, which will be the consequence. A mistaken feeling of pity will often induce a general to relieve a beleaguered city, or to reinforce a hard-pressed detachment, contrary to his military instincts. It is now generally admitted that our repeated efforts to relieve Ladysmith in the South African War were so many strategical blunders which defeated their own purpose. And in the end, relief came through the very man who started out with the distinct resolve no longer to subordinate the interests of the whole to sentiment in favour of a part. An old soldier of one of our generals who failed most conspicuously in this war, tried once, I remember, to defend him to me on the ground that he was always “so good to his men.” By this plea, had he but known it, he was only condemning him out of Sun Tzŭ’s mouth."},{"ref":"18.13","t":"凡此五者將之過也用兵之災也"},{"ref":"18.13a","t":"These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of war."},{"ref":"18.14","t":"覆軍殺將必以五危不可不察也"},{"ref":"18.14a","t":"When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH."},{"ref":"19.1","t":"行軍篇"},{"ref":"19.2","t":"THE CONTENTS OF this interesting chapter are better indicated in § 1 than by this heading."},{"ref":"19.1a","t":"孫子曰凡處軍相敵絶山依谷"},{"ref":"19.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy."},{"ref":"19.1b","t":"The discussion of 處軍, as Chang Yü points out, extends from here down to 伏姦之所藏處也 (§§ 1–17), and 相敵 from that point down to 必謹察之 (§§ 18–39). The rest of the chapter consists of a few desultory remarks, chiefly on the subject of discipline."},{"ref":"19.1c","t":"Pass quickly over mountains,"},{"ref":"19.1d","t":"For this use of 絶, cf. <em>infra</em>. § 3. See also 荀子, ch. 1. fol. 2 (standard edition of 1876): 絶江河; <em>Shih Chi</em>, ch. 27 <em>ad init.</em>: 後六星絶漢."},{"ref":"19.1e","t":"and keep in the neighbourhood of valleys."},{"ref":"19.1f","t":"Tu Mu says that 依 here = 近. The idea is, not to linger among barren uplands, but to keep close to supplies of water and grass. Capt. Calthrop translates “camp in valleys,” heedless of the very next sentence. Cf. Wu Tzŭ, ch. 3: 無當天竈 “Abide not in natural ovens,” <em>i.e.</em> 大谷之口 “the openings of large valleys.” Chang Yü tells the following anecdote: “武都羗 Wu-tu Ch’iang was a robber captain in the time of the Later Han, and 馬援 Ma Yüan was sent to exterminate his gang. Ch’iang having found a refuge in the hills, Ma Yüan made no attempt to force a battle, but seized all the favourable positions commanding supplies of water and forage. Ch’iang was soon in such a desperate plight for want of provisions that he was forced to make a total surrender. He did not know the advantage of keeping in the neighbourhood of valleys.”"},{"ref":"19.2a","t":"視生處高戰隆無登此處山之軍也"},{"ref":"19.2aa","t":"Camp in high places,"},{"ref":"19.2b","t":"Not on high hills, but on knolls or hillocks elevated above the surrounding country."},{"ref":"19.2c","t":"facing the sun."},{"ref":"19.2d","t":"視生 = 面陽. Tu Mu takes this to mean “facing south,” and Ch’ên Hao “facing east.” Cf. <em>infra</em>, §§ 11, 13."},{"ref":"19.2e","t":"Do not climb heights in order to fight."},{"ref":"19.2f","t":"隆 is here simply equivalent to 高. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 降."},{"ref":"19.2g","t":"So much for mountain warfare."},{"ref":"19.2h","t":"After 山, the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> insert 谷."},{"ref":"19.3","t":"絶水必遠水"},{"ref":"19.3a","t":"After crossing a river, you should get far away from it."},{"ref":"19.3b","t":"“In order to tempt the enemy to cross after you,” according to Ts’ao Kung, and also, says Chang Yü, “in order not to be impeded in your evolutions.” The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads 敵若絶水 “If <em>the enemy</em> crosses a river,” etc. But in view of the next sentence, this is almost certainly an interpolation."},{"ref":"19.4","t":"客絶水而來勿迎之於水內令半濟而擊之利"},{"ref":"19.4a","t":"When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack."},{"ref":"19.4b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 度 for 濟, without change of meaning. Wu Tzŭ plagiarises this passage twice over: — ch. II <em>ad fin.</em> 涉水半渡可擊; ch. V, 敵若絶水半渡而擊. Li Ch’üan alludes to the great victory won by Han Hsin over 龍且 Lung Chü at the 濰 Wei River. Turning to the <em>Ch’ien Han Shu</em>, ch. 34, fol. 6 <em>verso</em>, we find the battle described as follows: “The two armies were drawn up on opposite sides of the river. In the night, Han Hsin ordered his men to take some ten thousand sacks filled with sand and construct a dam a little higher up. Then, leading half his army across, he attacked Lung Chü; but after a time, pretending to have failed in his attempt, he hastily withdrew to the other bank. Lung Chü was much elated by this unlooked-for success, and exclaiming: “I felt sure that Han Hsin was really a coward!” he pursued him and began crossing the river in his turn. Han Hsin now sent a party to cut open the sandbags, thus releasing a great volume of water, which swept down and prevented the greater portion of Lung Chü’s army from getting across. He then turned upon the force which had been cut off, and annihilated it, Lung Chü himself being amongst the slain. The rest of the army, on the further bank, also scattered and fled in all directions.”"},{"ref":"19.5","t":"欲戰者無附於水而迎客"},{"ref":"19.5a","t":"If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross."},{"ref":"19.5b","t":"For fear of preventing his crossing. Capt. Calthrop makes the injunction ridiculous by omitting 欲戰者."},{"ref":"19.6","t":"視生處高無迎水流此處水上之軍也"},{"ref":"19.6a","t":"Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun."},{"ref":"19.6b","t":"See <em>supra</em>, § 2. The repetition of these words in connection with water is very awkward. Chang Yü has the note: 或岸邊爲陳或水上泊舟皆須面陽而居高 “Said either of troops marshalled on the river-bank, or of boats anchored in the stream itself; in either case it is essential to be higher than the enemy and facing the sun.” The other commentators are not at all explicit. One is much tempted to reject their explanation of 視生 altogether, and understand it simply as “seeking safety.” [Cf. 必生 in VIII. § 12, and <em>infra</em>, § 9.] It is true that this involves taking 視 in an unusual, though not, I think, an impossible sense. Of course the earlier passage would then have to be translated in like manner."},{"ref":"19.6c","t":"Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy."},{"ref":"19.6d","t":"Tu Mu says: “As water flows downwards, we must not pitch our camp on the lower reaches of a river, for fear the enemy should open the sluices and sweep us away in a flood. This is implied above in the words 視生處高. Chu-ko Wu-hou has remarked that ‘in river warfare we must not advance against the stream,’ which is as much as to say that our fleet must not be anchored below that of the enemy, for then they would be able to take advantage of the current and make short work of us.” There is also the danger, noted by other commentators, that the enemy may throw poison on the water to be carried down to us. Capt. Calthrop’s first version was: “Do not cross rivers in the face of the stream” — a sapient piece of advice, which made one curious to know what the correct way of crossing rivers might be. He has now improved this into: “Do not fight when the enemy is between the army and the source of the river.”"},{"ref":"19.6e","t":"So much for river warfare."},{"ref":"19.7","t":"絶斥澤惟亟去無留"},{"ref":"19.7a","t":"In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay."},{"ref":"19.7b","t":"Because of the lack of fresh water, the poor quality of the herbage, and last but not least, because they are low, flat, and exposed to attack."},{"ref":"19.8","t":"若交軍於斥澤之中必依水草而背衆樹此處斥澤之軍也"},{"ref":"19.8a","t":"If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees."},{"ref":"19.8b","t":"Li Ch’üan remarks that the ground is less likely to be treacherous where there are trees, while Tu Yu says that they will serve to protect the rear. Capt. Calthrop, with a perfect genius for going wrong, says “in the neighbourhood of a marsh.” For 若 the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> wrongly read 爲, and the latter also has 倍 instead of 背."},{"ref":"19.8c","t":"So much for operations in salt-marshes."},{"ref":"19.9","t":"平陸處易而右背高前死後生此處平陸之軍也"},{"ref":"19.9a","t":"In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position"},{"ref":"19.9b","t":"This is doubtless the force of 易, its opposite being 險. Thus, Tu Mu explains it as 坦易平穩之處 “ground that is smooth and firm,” and therefore adapted for cavalry; Chang Yü as 坦易無坎陷之處 “level ground, free from depressions and hollows.” He adds later on that although Sun Tzŭ is discussing flat country, there will nevertheless be slight elevations and hillocks."},{"ref":"19.9c","t":"with rising ground to your right and on your rear,"},{"ref":"19.9d","t":"The Yü Lan again reads 倍 for 背. Tu Mu quotes T’ai Kung as saying: “An army should have a stream or a marsh on its left, and a hill or tumulus on its right.”"},{"ref":"19.9e","t":"so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind."},{"ref":"19.9f","t":"Wang Hsi thinks that 後生 contradicts the saying 視生 in § 2, and therefore suspects a mistake in the text."},{"ref":"19.9g","t":"So much for campaigning in flat country."},{"ref":"19.10","t":"凡此四軍之利黃帝之所以勝四帝也"},{"ref":"19.10a","t":"These are the four useful branches of military knowledge"},{"ref":"19.10b","t":"Those, namely, concerned with (1) mountains, (2) rivers, (3) marshes, and (4) plains. Compare Napoleon’s “Military Maxims,” no. 1."},{"ref":"19.10c","t":"which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns."},{"ref":"19.10d","t":"Mei Yao-ch’ên asks, with some plausibility, whether 帝 is not a mistake for 軍 “armies,” as nothing is known of Huang Ti having conquered four other Emperors. The <em>Shih Chi</em> (ch. I <em>ad init.</em>) speaks only of his victories over 炎帝 Yen Ti and 蚩尤 Ch’ih Yu. In the 六韜 it is mentioned that he “fought seventy battles and pacified the Empire.” Ts’ao Kung’s explanation is, that the Yellow Emperor was the first to institute the feudal system of vassal princes, each of whom (to the number of four) originally bore the title of Emperor. Li Ch’üan tells us that the art of war originated under Huang Ti, who received it from his Minister 風后 Fêng Hou."},{"ref":"19.11","t":"凡軍喜高而惡下貴陽而賤陰"},{"ref":"19.11a","t":"All armies prefer high ground to low,"},{"ref":"19.11b","t":"“High ground,” says Mei Yao-ch’ên, “is not only more agreeable and salubrious, but more convenient from a military point of view; low ground is not only damp and unhealthy, but also disadvantageous for fighting.” The original text and the <em>T’u Shu</em> have 好 instead of 喜."},{"ref":"19.11c","t":"and sunny places to dark."},{"ref":"19.12","t":"養生而處實軍無百疾是謂必勝"},{"ref":"19.12a","t":"If you are careful of your men,"},{"ref":"19.12b","t":"Ts’ao Kung says: 向水草可放牧養畜 “Make for fresh water and pasture, where you can turn out your animals to graze.” And the other commentators follow him, apparently taking 生 as = 牲. Cf. Mencius, V. 1. ix. 1, where 養牲者 means a cattle-keeper. But here 養生 surely has reference to the health of the troops. It is the title of Chuang Tzŭ’s third chapter, where it denotes moral rather than physical well-being."},{"ref":"19.12c","t":"and camp on hard ground,"},{"ref":"19.12d","t":"實 must mean dry and solid, as opposed to damp and marshy, ground. This is to be found as a rule in high places, so the commentators explain 實 as practically equivalent to 高."},{"ref":"19.12e","t":"the army will be free from disease of every kind,"},{"ref":"19.12f","t":"Chang Yü says: “The dryness of the climate will prevent the outbreak of illness.”"},{"ref":"19.12g","t":"and this will spell victory."},{"ref":"19.13","t":"邱陵隄防必處其陽而右背之此兵之利地之助也"},{"ref":"19.13a","t":"When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilise the natural advantages of the ground."},{"ref":"19.14","t":"上雨水沫至欲涉者待其定也"},{"ref":"19.14a","t":"When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides."},{"ref":"19.14b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> have a superfluous 下 before 水."},{"ref":"19.15","t":"凡地有絶澗天井天牢天羅天陷天隙必亟去之勿近也"},{"ref":"19.15a","t":"Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between,"},{"ref":"19.15b","t":"絶澗, explained by Mei Yao-ch’ên as 前後險峻水橫其中."},{"ref":"19.15c","t":"deep natural hollows,"},{"ref":"19.15d","t":"天井, explained as 四面峻坂澗壑所歸 “places enclosed on every side by steep banks, with pools of water at the bottom.”"},{"ref":"19.15e","t":"confined places,"},{"ref":"19.15f","t":"天牢 “natural pens or prisons,” explained as 三面環絶易入難出 “places surrounded by precipices on three sides — easy to get into, but hard to get out of.”"},{"ref":"19.15g","t":"tangled thickets,"},{"ref":"19.15h","t":"天羅, explained as 草木蒙密鋒鏑莫施 “places covered with such dense undergrowth that spears cannot be used.”"},{"ref":"19.15i","t":"quagmires"},{"ref":"19.15j","t":"天陷, explained as 卑下汙車騎不通 “low-lying places, so heavy with mud as to be impassible for chariots and horsemen.”"},{"ref":"19.15k","t":"and crevasses,"},{"ref":"19.15l","t":"天隙 is explained by Mei Yao-ch’ên as 兩山相向洞道狹惡 “a narrow difficult way between beetling cliffs,” but Ts’ao Kung says 山澗迫狹地形深數尺長數丈者, which seems to denote something on a much smaller scale. Tu Mu’s note is 地多溝坑坎陷木石 “ground covered with trees and rocks, and intersected by numerous ravines and pitfalls.” This is very vague, but Chia Lin explains it clearly enough as a defile or narrow pass: 兩邊險絶形狹長而數里, and Chang Yü takes much the same view. On the whole, the weight of the commentators certainly inclines to the rendering “defile”. But the ordinary meaning of 隙 (a crack or fissure) and the fact that 絶澗 above must be something in the nature of a defile, make me think that Sun Tzŭ is here speaking of crevasses. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 郄 for 隙, with the same meaning; the latter also has 大害 after 天郄 — a palpable gloss."},{"ref":"19.15m","t":"should be left with all possible speed and not approached."},{"ref":"19.16","t":"吾遠之敵近之吾迎之敵背之"},{"ref":"19.16a","t":"While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear."},{"ref":"19.17","t":"軍旁有險阻蔣潢井生葭葦小林蘙薈必謹覆索之此伏姦之所藏處也"},{"ref":"19.17a","t":"If in the neighbourhood of your camp"},{"ref":"19.17b","t":"The original text has 軍行, but 旁 has been generally adopted as yielding much better sense."},{"ref":"19.17c","t":"there should be any hilly country,"},{"ref":"19.17d","t":"險阻 is 邱阜之地, according to Chang Yü."},{"ref":"19.17e","t":"ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds,"},{"ref":"19.17f","t":"The original text omits 蔣 and 生, so that 潢 and 井 join to make a pair: “ponds and basins.” This is plausible enough at first sight, but there are several objections to the reading: (1) 蔣 is unlikely to have got into the text as a gloss on 潢; (2) it is easy to suppose, on the other hand, that 蔣 and afterwards 生 (to restore the balance of the sentence) were omitted by a copyist who jumped to the conclusion that 潢 and 井 must go together; (3) the sense, when one comes to consider it, actually requires 蔣, for it is absurd to talk of pools and ponds as in themselves suitable places for an ambush; (4) Li Ching (571–649 A. D.) in his 兵法 “Art of War” has the words: 蔣潢蘙薈則必索其伏. This is evidently a reminiscence of Sun Tzŭ, so there can be little doubt that 蔣 stood in the text at this early date. It may be added that the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> both have 蔣, and the latter also reads 并 for 井."},{"ref":"19.17g","t":"or woods with thick undergrowth,"},{"ref":"19.17h","t":"I read 小林 with the <em>Yü Lan</em> in preference to 山林, given in the original text, which is accepted by the commentators without question. The text of the <em>T’u Shu</em> up to this point runs as follows: 潢井蒹葭林木蘙薈者."},{"ref":"19.17i","t":"they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking."},{"ref":"19.17j","t":"The original text omits 藏, which has been restored from the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em>. The <em>T’u Shu</em> omits 處 as well, making 所 a substantive. On 姦 Chang Yü has the note: 又慮姦細潛隱覘我虛實聽我號令伏姦當爲兩事 “We must also be on our guard against traitors who may lie in close covert, secretly spying out our weaknesses and overhearing our instructions. <em>Fu</em> and <em>chien</em> are to be taken separately.”"},{"ref":"19.18","t":"敵近而靜者恃其險也"},{"ref":"19.18a","t":"When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position."},{"ref":"19.18b","t":"Here begin Sun Tzŭ’s remarks on the reading of signs, much of which is so good that it could almost be included in a modern manual like Gen. Baden-Powell’s “Aids to Scouting.”"},{"ref":"19.19","t":"遠而挑戰者欲人之進也"},{"ref":"19.19a","t":"When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance."},{"ref":"19.19b","t":"Probably because we are in a strong position from which he wishes to dislodge us. “If he came close up to us,” says Tu Mu, “and tried to force a battle, he would seem to despise us, and there would be less probability of our responding to the challenge.”"},{"ref":"19.20","t":"其所居者易利也"},{"ref":"19.20a","t":"If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait."},{"ref":"19.20b","t":"易 is here the opposite of 險 in § 18. The reading of the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em>, 其所處者居易利也, is pretty obviously corrupt. The original text, which transposes 易 and 者, may very possibly be right. Tu Mu tells us that there is yet another reading: 士爭其所居者易利也."},{"ref":"19.21","t":"衆樹動者來也衆草多障者疑也"},{"ref":"19.21a","t":"Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing."},{"ref":"19.21b","t":"Ts’ao Kung explains this as “felling trees to clear a passage,” and Chang Yü says: “Every army sends out scouts to climb high places and observe the enemy. If a scout sees that the trees of a forest are moving and shaking, he may know that they are being cut down to clear a passage for the enemy’s march.”"},{"ref":"19.21c","t":"The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious."},{"ref":"19.21d","t":"Whenever the meaning of a passage happens to be somewhat elusive, Capt. Calthrop seems to consider himself justified in giving free rein to the imagination. Thus, though his text is here identical with ours, he renders the above: “Broken branches and trodden grass, as of the passing of a large host, must be regarded with suspicion.” Tu Yu’s explanation, borrowed from Ts’ao Kung, is as follows: “The presence of a number of screens or sheds in the midst of thick vegetation is a sure sign that the enemy has fled and, fearing pursuit, has constructed these hiding-places in order to make us suspect an ambush.” It appears that these “screens” were hastily knotted together out of any long grass which the retreating enemy happened to come across."},{"ref":"19.22","t":"鳥起者伏也獸駭者覆也"},{"ref":"19.22a","t":"The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade."},{"ref":"19.22b","t":"Chang Yü’s explanation is doubtless right: “When birds that are flying along in a straight line suddenly shoot upwards, it means that soldiers are in ambush at the spot beneath.”"},{"ref":"19.22c","t":"Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming."},{"ref":"19.22d","t":"An example of 覆 <em>fou</em>4 in the meaning of “ambuscade” may be found in the <em>Tso Chuan</em>, 隱 9th year: 君爲三覆以待之. In the present passage, however, it is to be distinguished from 伏 just above, in that it implies onward motion on the part of the attacking force. Thus, Li Ch’üan defines it as 不意而至, and Tu Mu as 來襲我也."},{"ref":"19.23","t":"塵高而銳者車來也卑而廣者徒來也散而條達者樵採也少而往來者營軍也"},{"ref":"19.23a","t":"When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry."},{"ref":"19.23b","t":"高而銳 “high and sharp,” or rising to a peak, is of course somewhat exaggerated as applied to dust. The commentators explain the phenomenon by saying that horses and chariots, being heavier than men, raise more dust, and also follow one another in the same wheel-track, whereas foot-soldiers would be marching in ranks, many abreast. According to Chang Yü, “every army on the march must have scouts (探候之人) some way in advance, who on sighting dust raised by the enemy, will gallop back and report it to the commander-in-chief.” Cf. Gen. Baden-Powell: “As you move along, say, in a hostile country, your eyes should be looking afar for the enemy or any signs of him: figures, dust rising, birds getting up, glitter of arms, etc.”¹⁷⁴"},{"ref":"19.23c","t":"When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood."},{"ref":"19.23d","t":"There is some doubt about the reading 樵採. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> have 薪採, and Li Ch’üan proposes 薪來."},{"ref":"19.23e","t":"A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping."},{"ref":"19.23f","t":"Chang Yü says: “In apportioning the defences for a cantonment, light horse will be sent out to survey the position and ascertain the weak and strong points all along its circumference. Hence the small quantity of dust and its motion.”"},{"ref":"19.24","t":"辭卑而益備者進也辭强而進驅者退也"},{"ref":"19.24a","t":"Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance."},{"ref":"19.24b","t":"“As though they stood in great fear of us,” says Tu Mu. “Their object is to make us contemptuous and careless, after which they will attack us.” Chang Yü alludes to the story of 田單 T’ien Tan of the Ch’i State, who in 279 B.C. was hard-pressed in his defence of 卽墨 Chi-mo against the Yen forces, led by 騎劫 Ch’i Chieh. In ch. 82 of the <em>Shih Chi</em> we read: “T’ien Tan openly said: ‘My only fear is that the Yen army may cut off the noses of their Ch’i prisoners and place them in the front rank to fight against us; that would be the undoing of our city.’ The other side being informed of this speech, at once acted on the suggestion; but those within the city were enraged at seeing their fellow-countrymen thus mutilated, and fearing only lest they should fall into the enemy’s hands, were nerved to defend themselves more obstinately than ever. Once again T’ien Tan sent back converted spies who reported these words to the enemy: ‘What I dread most is that the men of Yen may dig up the ancestral tombs outside the town, and by inflicting this indignity on our forefathers cause us to become faint-hearted.’ Forthwith the besiegers dug up all the graves and burned the corpses lying in them. And the inhabitants of Chi-mo, witnessing the outrage from the city-walls, wept passionately and were all impatient to go out and fight, their fury being increased tenfold. T’ien Tan knew then that his soldiers were ready for any enterprise. But instead of a sword, he himself took a mattock in his hands, and ordered others to be distributed amongst his best warriors, while the ranks were filled up with their wives and concubines. He then served out all the remaining rations and bade his men eat their fill. The regular soldiers were told to keep out of sight, and the walls were manned with the old and weaker men and with women. This done, envoys were despatched to the enemy’s camp to arrange terms of surrender, whereupon the Yen army began shouting for joy. T’ien Tan also collected 20,000 ounces of silver from the people, and got the wealthy citizens of Chi-mo to send it to the Yen general with the prayer that, when the town capitulated, he would not allow their homes to be plundered or their women to be maltreated. Ch’i Chieh, in high good humour, granted their prayer; but his army now became increasingly slack and careless. Meanwhile, T’ien Tan got together a thousand oxen, decked them with pieces of red silk, painted their bodies, dragon-like, with coloured stripes, and fastened sharp blades on their horns and well-greased rushes on their tails. When night came on, he lighted the ends of the rushes, and drove the oxen through a number of holes which he had pierced in the walls, backing them up with a force of 5000 picked warriors. The animals, maddened with pain, dashed furiously into the enemy’s camp where they caused the utmost confusion and dismay; for their tails acted as torches, showing up the hideous pattern on their bodies, and the weapons on their horns killed or wounded any with whom they came into contact. In the meantime, the band of 5000 had crept up with gags in their mouths, and now threw themselves on the enemy. At the same moment a frightful din arose in the city itself, all those that remained behind making as much noise as possible by banging drums and hammering on bronze vessels, until heaven and earth were convulsed by the uproar. Terror-stricken, the Yen army fled in disorder, hotly pursued by the men of Ch’i, who succeeded in slaying their general Ch’i Chieh.... The result of the battle was the ultimate recovery of some seventy cities which had belonged to the Ch’i State.”"},{"ref":"19.24c","t":"Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat."},{"ref":"19.24d","t":"I follow the original text here, also adopted by the <em>T’u Shu</em>. The standard text reads 辭詭而强進驅者退也 on the strength of Ts’ao Kung’s commentary 詭詐也, which shows that his text included the word 詭. Strong as this ground is, I do not think it can counterbalance the obvious superiority of the other reading in point of sense. 詭 not only provides no antithesis to 卑, but makes the whole passage absurd; for if the language of the enemy is calculated to deceive, it cannot be known as deceitful at the time, and can therefore afford no “sign.” Moreover, the extra word in 强進驅者 (an awkward locution, by the way) spoils the parallelism with 益備者."},{"ref":"19.25","t":"輕車先出居其側者陳也"},{"ref":"19.25a","t":"When the light chariots"},{"ref":"19.25b","t":"The same, according to Tu Yu, as the 馳車 of II. § 1."},{"ref":"19.25c","t":"come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle."},{"ref":"19.25d","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> omits 出."},{"ref":"19.26","t":"無約而請和者謀也"},{"ref":"19.26a","t":"Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot."},{"ref":"19.26b","t":"Tu Yu defines 約 as 要約, and Li Ch’üan as 質盟之約 “a treaty confirmed by oaths and hostages.” Wang Hsi and Chang Yü, on the other hand, simply say 無故 “without reason,” “on a frivolous pretext,” as though 約 bore the rather unusual sense of “important.” Capt. Calthrop has “without consultation,” which is too loose."},{"ref":"19.27","t":"奔走而陳兵者期也"},{"ref":"19.27a","t":"When there is much running about"},{"ref":"19.27b","t":"Every man hastening to his proper place under his own regimental banner."},{"ref":"19.27c","t":"and the soldiers fall into rank,"},{"ref":"19.27d","t":"I follow the <em>T’u Shu</em> in omitting 車 after 兵. Tu Mu quotes the <em>Chou Li</em>, ch. xxix. fol. 31: 車驟徒趨及表乃止."},{"ref":"19.27e","t":"it means that the critical moment has come."},{"ref":"19.27f","t":"What Chia Lin calls 晷刻之期, as opposed to 尋常之期."},{"ref":"19.28","t":"半進半退者誘也"},{"ref":"19.28a","t":"When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure."},{"ref":"19.28b","t":"Capt. Calthrop is hardly right in translating: “An advance, followed by sudden retirement.” It is rather a case of feigned confusion. As Tu Mu says: 僞爲雜亂不整之狀."},{"ref":"19.29","t":"倚仗而立者飢也"},{"ref":"19.29a","t":"When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food."},{"ref":"19.29b","t":"仗 is here probably not a synonym for 倚, but = 兵 “a weapon.” The original text has 杖而立者, which has been corrected from the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em>."},{"ref":"19.30","t":"汲而先飮者渴也"},{"ref":"19.30a","t":"If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst."},{"ref":"19.30b","t":"As Tu Mu remarks: 覩一人三軍可知也 “One may know the condition of a whole army from the behaviour of a single man.” The 先 may mean either that they drink before drawing water for the army, or before they return to camp. Chang Yü takes the latter view. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> has the faulty reading 汲役先飮者, and the <em>Yü Lan</em>, worse still, 汲設飮者."},{"ref":"19.31","t":"見利而不進者勞也"},{"ref":"19.31a","t":"If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained"},{"ref":"19.31b","t":"Not necessarily “booty,” as Capt. Calthrop translates it. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 向人見利, etc."},{"ref":"19.31c","t":"and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted."},{"ref":"19.32","t":"鳥集者虛也夜呼者恐也"},{"ref":"19.32a","t":"If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied."},{"ref":"19.32b","t":"A useful fact to bear in mind when, for instance, as Ch’ên Hao says, the enemy has secretly abandoned his camp."},{"ref":"19.32c","t":"Clamour by night betokens nervousness."},{"ref":"19.32d","t":"Owing to false alarms; or, as Tu Mu explains it: 恐懼不安故夜呼以自壯也 “Fear makes men restless; so they fall to shouting at night in order to keep up their courage.” The <em>T’ung Tien</em> inserts 喧 before 呼."},{"ref":"19.33","t":"軍擾者將不重也旌旗動者亂也吏怒者倦也"},{"ref":"19.33a","t":"If there is disturbance in the camp, the general’s authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot."},{"ref":"19.33b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> omit 旌."},{"ref":"19.33c","t":"If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary."},{"ref":"19.33d","t":"And therefore, as Capt. Calthrop says, slow to obey. Tu Yu understands the sentence differently: “If all the officers of an army are angry with their general, it means that they are broken with fatigue” [owing to the exertions which he has demanded from them]."},{"ref":"19.34","t":"粟馬肉食軍無懸缻不返其舍者窮宼也"},{"ref":"19.34a","t":"When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food,"},{"ref":"19.34b","t":"粟馬肉食 is expanded by Mei Yao-ch’ên (following Tu Mu) into 給糧以乎馬殺畜以饗乎士, which is the sense I have given above. In the ordinary course of things, the men would be fed on grain and the horses chiefly on grass."},{"ref":"19.34c","t":"and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots"},{"ref":"19.34d","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads 缶, which is much the same as 缻, and the <em>Yü Lan</em> 箠, which is manifestly wrong."},{"ref":"19.34e","t":"over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents,"},{"ref":"19.34f","t":"For 返, the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> both read 及."},{"ref":"19.34g","t":"you may know that they are determined to fight to the death."},{"ref":"19.34h","t":"For 窮宼, see VII. § 36. I may quote here the illustrative passage from the <em>Hou Han Shu</em>, ch. 71, given in abbreviated form by the <em>P’ei Wên Yün Fu</em>: “The rebel 王國 Wang Kuo of 梁 Liang was besieging the town of 陳倉 Ch’ên-ts’ang, and 皇甫嵩 Huang-fu Sung, who was in supreme command, and 董卓 Tung Cho were sent out against him. The latter pressed for hasty measures, but Sung turned a deaf ear to his counsel. At last the rebels were utterly worn out, and began to throw down their weapons of their own accord. Sung was now for advancing to the attack, but Cho said: ‘It is a principle of war not to pursue desperate men and not to press a retreating host.’ Sung answered: ‘That does not apply here. What I am about to attack is a jaded army, not a retreating host; with disciplined troops I am falling on a disorganised multitude, not a band of desperate men.’ Thereupon he advanced to the attack unsupported by his colleague, and routed the enemy, Wang Kuo being slain.” The inferior reading of the <em>T’u Shu</em> for § 34 is as follows: 殺馬肉食者軍無糧也懸缻不返其舍者窮宼也. The first clause strikes me as rather shallow for Sun Tzŭ, and it is hard to make anything of 懸缻 in the second without the negative. Capt. Calthrop, nothing daunted, set down in his first edition: “When they <em>cast away</em> their cooking-pots.” He now has: “When the cooking-pots are hung up on the wall.”"},{"ref":"19.35","t":"諄諄翕翕徐言入入者失衆也"},{"ref":"19.35a","t":"The sight of men whispering together"},{"ref":"19.35b","t":"諄諄 is well explained by Tu Mu as 乏氣聲促 “speaking with bated breath.”"},{"ref":"19.35c","t":"in small knots"},{"ref":"19.35d","t":"The <em>Shuo Wên</em> rather strangely defines 翕 by the word 起, but the <em>Êrh Ya</em> says 合 “to join” or “contract,” which is undoubtedly its primary meaning. Chang Yü is right, then, in explaining it here by the word 聚. The other commentators are very much at sea: Ts’ao Kung says 失志貌, Tu Yu 不眞, Tu Mu 顚倒失次貌, Chia Lin 不安貌, Mei Yao-ch’ên 曠職事, Wang Hsi 患其上."},{"ref":"19.35e","t":"or speaking in subdued tones"},{"ref":"19.35f","t":"入入 is said to be the same as 如如."},{"ref":"19.35g","t":"points to disaffection amongst the rank and file."},{"ref":"19.35h","t":"失衆 is equivalent to 失其衆心, the subject of course being “the general,” understood. In the original text, which seems to be followed by several commentators, the whole passage stands thus: 諄諄翕翕徐與人言者失衆也. Here it would be the general who is talking to his men, not the men amongst themselves. For 翕, which is the chief stumbling-block in the way of this reading, the <em>T’u Shu</em> gives the very plausible emendation (also read <em>hsi</em>, and defined by K’ang Hsi as 疾言 “to speak fast”). But this is unnecessary if we keep to the standard text."},{"ref":"19.36","t":"屢賞者窘也數罰者困也"},{"ref":"19.36a","t":"Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources;"},{"ref":"19.36b","t":"Because, when an army is hard pressed, as Tu Mu says, there is always a fear of mutiny, and lavish rewards are given to keep the men in good temper."},{"ref":"19.36c","t":"too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress."},{"ref":"19.36d","t":"Because in such case discipline becomes relaxed, and unwonted severity is necessary to keep the men to their duty."},{"ref":"19.37","t":"先暴而後畏其衆者不精之至也"},{"ref":"19.37a","t":"To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy’s numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence."},{"ref":"19.37b","t":"I follow the interpretation of Ts’ao Kung: 先輕敵後聞其衆則心惡之也, also adopted by Li Ch’üan, Tu Mu and Chang Yü. Another possible meaning, set forth by Tu Yu, Chia Lin, Mei Yao-ch’ên and Wang Hsi, is: “The general who is first tyrannical towards his men, and then in terror lest they should mutiny, etc.” This would connect the sentence with what went before about rewards and punishments. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 情 “affection” instead of 精."},{"ref":"19.38","t":"來委謝者欲休息也"},{"ref":"19.38a","t":"When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce."},{"ref":"19.38b","t":"Tu Mu says: 所以委質來謝此乃勢已窮或有他故必欲休息也 “If the enemy open friendly relations by sending hostages, it is a sign that they are anxious for an armistice, either because their strength is exhausted or for some other reason.” But it hardly needs a Sun Tzŭ to draw such an obvious inference; and although Tu Mu is supported by Mei Yao-ch’ên and Chang Yü, I cannot think that hostages are indicated by the word 委."},{"ref":"19.39","t":"兵怒而相迎久而不合又不相去必謹察之"},{"ref":"19.39a","t":"If the enemy’s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection."},{"ref":"19.39b","t":"Capt. Calthrop falls into a trap which often lurks in the word 相. He translates: “When both sides, eager for a fight, face each other for a considerable time, neither advancing nor retiring,” etc. Had he reflected a little, he would have seen that this is meaningless as addressed to a commander who has control over the movements of his own troops. 相迎, then, does not mean that the two armies go to meet each other, but simply that the other side comes up to us. Likewise with 相去. If this were not perfectly clear of itself, Mei Yao-ch’ên’s paraphrase would make it so: 怒而來逆我, etc. As Ts’ao Kung points out, a manœuvre of this sort may be only a <em>ruse</em> to gain time for an unexpected flank attack or the laying of an ambush."},{"ref":"19.40","t":"兵非益多也惟無武進足以倂力料敵取人而已"},{"ref":"19.40a","t":"If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient;"},{"ref":"19.40b","t":"Wang Hsi’s paraphrase, partly borrowed from Ts’ao Kung, is 權力均足矣. Another reading, adopted by Chia Lin and the <em>T’u Shu</em>, is 兵非貴益多, which Capt. Calthrop renders, much too loosely: “Numbers are no certain mark of strength.”"},{"ref":"19.40c","t":"it only means that no direct attack can be made."},{"ref":"19.40d","t":"Literally, “no martial advance.” That is to say, 正 “<em>chêng</em>” tactics and frontal attacks must be eschewed, and stratagem resorted to instead."},{"ref":"19.40e","t":"What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements."},{"ref":"19.40f","t":"This is an obscure sentence, and none of the commentators succeed in squeezing very good sense out of it. The difficulty lies chiefly in the words 取人, which have been taken in every possible way. I follow Li Ch’üan, who appears to offer the simplest explanation: 惟得人者勝也 “Only the side that gets more men will win.” Ts’ao Kung’s note, concise as usual to the verge of incomprehensibility, is 厮養足也. Fortunately we have Chang Yü to expound its meaning to us in language which is lucidity itself: 兵力既均又未見便雖未足剛進足以取人於厮養之中以并兵合力察敵而取勝不必假他兵以助己 “When the numbers are even, and no favourable opening presents itself, although we may not be strong enough to deliver a sustained attack, we can find additional recruits amongst our sutlers and camp-followers, and then, concentrating our forces and keeping a close watch on the enemy, contrive to snatch the victory. But we must avoid borrowing foreign soldiers to help us.” He then quotes from Wei Liao Tzŭ, ch. 3: 助卒名爲十萬其實不過數萬耳 “The nominal strength of mercenary troops may be 100,000, but their real value will be not more than half that figure.” According to this interpretation, 取人 means “to get recruits,” not from outside, but from the tag-rag and bobtail which follows in the wake of a large army. This does not sound a very soldierly suggestion, and I feel convinced that it is not what Sun Tzŭ meant. Chia Lin, on the other hand, takes the words in a different sense altogether, namely “to conquer the enemy” [cf. I. § 20]. But in that case they could hardly be followed by 而已. Better than this would be the rendering “to make isolated captures,” as opposed to 武進 “a general attack.”"},{"ref":"19.41","t":"夫惟無慮而易敵者必擒於人"},{"ref":"19.41a","t":"He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them."},{"ref":"19.41b","t":"The force of 夫惟 is not easy to appreciate. Ch’én Hao says 殊無遠慮但輕敵者, thus referring 惟 to the second verb. He continues, quoting from the <em>Tso Chuan</em>: 蜂蠆有毒而况國乎則小敵亦不可輕 “If bees and scorpions carry poison, how much more will a hostile state! [僖公, XXII. 3.] Even a puny opponent, then, should not be treated with contempt.”"},{"ref":"19.42","t":"卒未親附而罰之則不服不服則難用也卒已親附而罰不行則不可用也"},{"ref":"19.42a","t":"If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, they will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be useless."},{"ref":"19.42b","t":"This is wrongly translated by Capt. Calthrop: “If the troops know the general, but are not affected by his punishments, they are useless.”"},{"ref":"19.43","t":"故令之以文齊之以武是謂必取"},{"ref":"19.43a","t":"Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline."},{"ref":"19.43b","t":"文 and 武, according to Ts’ao Kung, are here equivalent to 仁 and 法 respectively. Compare our two uses of the word “civil.” 晏子 Yen Tzŭ [✝ B.C. 493] said of 司馬穰苴 Ssŭ-ma Jang-chü: 文能附衆武能威敵也 “His civil virtues endeared him to the people; his martial prowess kept his enemies in awe.” Cf. Wu Tzŭ, ch. 4 <em>init</em>.: 夫總文武者軍之將也兼剛柔者兵之事也 “The ideal commander unites culture with a warlike temper; the profession of arms requires a combination of hardness and tenderness.” Again I must find fault with Capt. Calthrop’s translation: “By humane treatment we obtain obedience; authority brings uniformity.”"},{"ref":"19.43c","t":"This is a certain road to victory."},{"ref":"19.44","t":"令素行以教其民則民服令不素行以教其民則民不服"},{"ref":"19.44a","t":"If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad."},{"ref":"19.44b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read: 令素行以教其人者也令素行則人服令素不行則人不服."},{"ref":"19.45","t":"令素信著者與衆相得也"},{"ref":"19.45a","t":"If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed,"},{"ref":"19.45b","t":"The original text has 令素行者. 令素 is certainly awkward without 行, but on the other hand it is clear that Tu Mu accepted the <em>T’ung Tien</em> text, which is identical with ours. He says: “A general ought in time of peace to show kindly confidence in his men and also make his authority respected, so that when they come to face the enemy, orders may be executed and discipline maintained, because they all trust and look up to him.” What Sun Tzŭ has said in § 44, however, would lead one rather to expect something like this: “If a general is always confident that his orders will be carried out,” etc. Hence I am tempted to think that he may have written 令素信行者. But this is perhaps too conjectural."},{"ref":"19.45c","t":"the gain will be mutual."},{"ref":"19.45d","t":"Chang Yü says: 上以信使民民以信服上是上下相得也 “The general has confidence in the men under his command, and the men are docile, having confidence in him. Thus the gain is mutual.” He quotes a pregnant sentence from Wei Liao Tzŭ, ch. 4: 令之之法小過無更小疑無中 “The art of giving orders is not to try to rectify minor blunders and not to be swayed by petty doubts.” Vacillation and fussiness are the surest means of sapping the confidence of an army. Capt. Calthrop winds up the chapter with a final mistranslation of a more than usually heinous description: “Orders are always obeyed, if general and soldiers are in sympathy.” Besides inventing the latter half of the sentence, he has managed to invert protasis and apodosis."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER X. TERRAIN."},{"ref":"20.1","t":"地形篇"},{"ref":"20.2","t":"ONLY ABOUT A third of the chapter, comprising §§ 1–13, deals with 地形, the subject being more fully treated in ch. XI. The “six calamities” are discussed in §§ 14–20, and the rest of the chapter is again a mere string of desultory remarks, though not less interesting, perhaps, on that account."},{"ref":"20.1a","t":"孫子曰地形有通者有挂者有支者有隘者有險者有遠者"},{"ref":"20.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground;"},{"ref":"20.1b","t":"Mei Yao-ch’ên says: 道路交達 “plentifully provided with roads and means of communication.”"},{"ref":"20.1c","t":"(2) entangling ground;"},{"ref":"20.1d","t":"The same commentator says: 網羅之地往必掛綴 “Net-like country, venturing into which you become entangled.”"},{"ref":"20.1e","t":"(3) temporising ground;"},{"ref":"20.1f","t":"Tu Yu explains 支 as 久. This meaning is still retained in modern phrases such as 支托, 支演 “stave off,” “delay.” I do not know why Capt. Calthrop calls 支地 “suspended ground,” unless he is confusing it with 挂地."},{"ref":"20.1g","t":"(4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights;"},{"ref":"20.1h","t":"The root idea in 隘 is narrowness; in 險, steepness."},{"ref":"20.1i","t":"(6) positions at a great distance from the enemy."},{"ref":"20.1j","t":"It is hardly necessary to point out the faultiness of this classification. A strange lack of logical perception is shown in the Chinaman’s unquestioning acceptance of glaring cross-divisions such as the above."},{"ref":"20.2a","t":"我可以往彼可以來曰通"},{"ref":"20.2aa","t":"Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called <em>accessible</em>."},{"ref":"20.2b","t":"Generally speaking, 平陸 “level country” is meant. Cf. IX. § 9: 處易."},{"ref":"20.3","t":"通形者先居高陽利糧道以戰則利"},{"ref":"20.3a","t":"With regard to ground of this nature,"},{"ref":"20.3b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads 居通地."},{"ref":"20.3c","t":"be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots,"},{"ref":"20.3d","t":"See IX. § 2. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads 先據其地."},{"ref":"20.3e","t":"and carefully guard your line of supplies."},{"ref":"20.3f","t":"A curious use of 利 as a verb, if our text is right. The general meaning is doubtless, as Tu Yu says, 無使敵絶己糧道 “not to allow the enemy to cut your communications.” Tu Mu, who was not a soldier and can hardly have had any practical experience of fighting, goes more into detail and speaks of protecting the line of communications by a wall (壘), or enclosing it by embankments on each side (作甬道)! In view of Napoleon’s dictum, “the secret of war lies in the communications,”¹⁷⁵ we could wish that Sun Tzŭ had done more than skirt the edge of this important subject here and in I. § 10, VII. § 11. Col. Henderson says: “The line of supply may be said to be as vital to the existence of an army as the heart to the life of a human being. Just as the duellist who finds his adversary’s point menacing him with certain death, and his own guard astray, is compelled to conform to his adversary’s movements, and to content himself with warding off his thrusts, so the commander whose communications are suddenly threatened finds himself in a false position, and he will be fortunate if he has not to change all his plans, to split up his force into more or less isolated detachments, and to fight with inferior numbers on ground which he has not had time to prepare, and where defeat will not be an ordinary failure, but will entail the ruin or the surrender of his whole army.”¹⁷⁶"},{"ref":"20.3g","t":"Then you will be able to fight with advantage."},{"ref":"20.3h","t":"Omitted by Capt. Calthrop."},{"ref":"20.4","t":"可以往難以返曰挂"},{"ref":"20.4a","t":"Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called <em>entangling</em>."},{"ref":"20.4b","t":"Capt. Calthrop is wrong in translating 返 “retreat from it.”"},{"ref":"20.5","t":"挂形者敵無備出而勝之敵若有備出而不勝難以返不利"},{"ref":"20.5a","t":"From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue."},{"ref":"20.5b","t":"不利 (an example of litotes) is paraphrased by Mei Yao-ch’ên as 必受制 “you will receive a check.”"},{"ref":"20.6","t":"我出而不利彼出而不利曰支"},{"ref":"20.6a","t":"When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called <em>temporising</em> ground."},{"ref":"20.6b","t":"俱不便久相持也 “Each side finds it inconvenient to move, and the situation remains at a deadlock” (Tu Yu)."},{"ref":"20.7","t":"支形者敵雖利我我無出也引而去令敵半出而擊之利"},{"ref":"20.7a","t":"In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait,"},{"ref":"20.7b","t":"Tu Yu says 佯背我去 “turning their backs on us and pretending to flee.” But this is only one of the lures which might induce us to quit our position. Here again 利 is used as a verb, but this time in a different sense: “to hold out an advantage to.”"},{"ref":"20.7c","t":"it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage."},{"ref":"20.7d","t":"Mei Yao-ch’ên paraphrases the passage in a curious jingle, the scheme of rhymes being <em>abcbdd</em>: 各居所險，先出必敗，利而誘我，我不可愛，僞去引敵，半出而擊."},{"ref":"20.8","t":"隘形者我先居之必盈之以待敵"},{"ref":"20.8a","t":"With regard to <em>narrow passes</em>, if you can occupy them first,"},{"ref":"20.8b","t":"Capt. Calthrop says: “Defiles, make haste to occupy.” But this is a conditional clause, answering to 若敵先居之 in the next paragraph."},{"ref":"20.8c","t":"let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy."},{"ref":"20.8d","t":"Because then, as Tu Yu observes, 皆制在我然後出奇以制敵 “the initiative will lie with us, and by making sudden and unexpected attacks we shall have the enemy at our mercy.” The commentators make a great pother about the precise meaning of 盈, which to the foreign reader seems to present no difficulty whatever."},{"ref":"20.9","t":"若敵先居之盈而勿從不盈而從之"},{"ref":"20.9a","t":"Should the enemy forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned."},{"ref":"20.10","t":"險形者我先居之必居高陽以待敵"},{"ref":"20.10a","t":"With regard to <em>precipitous heights</em>, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up."},{"ref":"20.10b","t":"Ts’ao Kung says: 地形險隘尤不可致於人 “The particular advantage of securing heights and defiles is that your actions cannot then be dictated by the enemy.” [For the enunciation of the grand principle alluded to, see VI. § 2]. Chang Yü tells the following anecdote of 裴行儉 P’ei Hsing-chien (A.D. 619–682), who was sent on a punitive expedition against the Turkic tribes. “At nightfall he pitched his camp as usual, and it had already been completely fortified by wall and ditch, when suddenly he gave orders that the army should shift its quarters to a hill near by. This was highly displeasing to his officers, who protested loudly against the extra fatigue which it would entail on the men. P’ei Hsing-chien, however, paid no heed to their remonstrances and had the camp moved as quickly as possible. The same night, a terrific storm came on, which flooded their former place of encampment to the depth of over twelve feet. The recalcitrant officers were amazed at the sight, and owned that they had been in the wrong. ‘How did you know what was going to happen?’ they asked. P’ei Hsing-chien replied: ‘From this time forward be content to obey orders without asking unnecessary questions.’ [See <em>Chiu T’ang Shu</em>, ch. 84, fol. 12 <em>r</em>o, and <em>Hsin T’ang Shu</em>, ch. 108, fol. 5 <em>v</em>o.] From this it may be seen,” Chang Yü continues, “that high and sunny places are advantageous not only for fighting, but also because they are immune from disastrous floods.”"},{"ref":"20.11","t":"若敵先居之引而去之勿從也"},{"ref":"20.11a","t":"If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away."},{"ref":"20.11b","t":"The turning-point of 李世民 Li Shih-min’s campaign in 621 A.D. against the two rebels, 竇建德 Tou Chien-tê, King of 夏 Hsia, and 王世充 Wang Shih-ch’ung, Prince of 鄭 Chêng, was his seizure of the heights of 武牢 Wu-lao, in spite of which Tou Chien-tê persisted in his attempt to relieve his ally in Lo-yang, was defeated and taken prisoner. [See <em>Chiu T’ang Shu</em>, ch. 2, fol. 5 <em>v</em>o and also ch. 54.]"},{"ref":"20.12","t":"遠形者勢均難以挑戰戰而不利"},{"ref":"20.12a","t":"If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal,"},{"ref":"20.12b","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads 夫通形均勢."},{"ref":"20.12c","t":"it is not easy to provoke a battle,"},{"ref":"20.12d","t":"Ts’ao Kung says that 挑戰 means 延敵 “challenging the enemy.” But the enemy being far away, that plainly involves, as Tu Yu says, 迎敵 “going to meet him.” The point of course is, that we must not think of undertaking a long and wearisome march, at the end of which 是我困敵銳 “we should, be exhausted and our adversary fresh and keen.”"},{"ref":"20.12e","t":"and fighting will be to your disadvantage."},{"ref":"20.13","t":"凡此六者地之道也將之至任不可不察也"},{"ref":"20.13a","t":"These six are the principles connected with Earth."},{"ref":"20.13b","t":"Or perhaps, “the principles relating to ground.” See, however, I. § 8."},{"ref":"20.13c","t":"The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them."},{"ref":"20.13d","t":"Capt. Calthrop omits 至任. Out of the foregoing six 地形, it will be noticed that nos. 3 and 6 have really no reference to the configuration of the country, and that only 4 and 5 can be said to convey any definite geographical idea."},{"ref":"20.14","t":"故兵有走者有弛者有陷者有崩者有亂者有北者凡此六者非天之災將之過也"},{"ref":"20.14a","t":"Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes,"},{"ref":"20.14b","t":"The <em>T’u Shu</em> reads 天地之災."},{"ref":"20.14c","t":"but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganisation; (6) rout."},{"ref":"20.14d","t":"I take exception to Capt. Calthrop’s rendering of 陷 and 崩 as “distress” and “disorganisation,” respectively."},{"ref":"20.15","t":"夫勢均以一擊十曰走"},{"ref":"20.15a","t":"Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the <em>flight</em> of the former."},{"ref":"20.15b","t":"Cf. III. § 10. The general’s fault here is that of 不料力 “not calculating the enemy’s strength.” It is obvious that 勢 cannot have the same force as in § 12, where it was equivalent to 兵力. I should not be inclined, however, to limit it, with Chang Yü, to 將之智勇兵之利銳 “the wisdom and valour of the general and the sharpness of the weapons.” As Li Ch’üan very justly remarks, 若得形便之地用奇伏之計則可矣 “Given a decided advantage in position, or the help of some stratagem such as a flank attack or an ambuscade, it would be quite possible [to fight in the ratio of one to ten].”"},{"ref":"20.16","t":"卒强吏弱曰弛吏强卒弱曰陷"},{"ref":"20.16a","t":"When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is <em>insubordination</em>."},{"ref":"20.16b","t":"弛 “laxity” — the metaphor being taken from an unstrung bow. Capt. Calthrop’s “relaxation” is not good, on account of its ambiguity. Tu Mu cites the unhappy case of 田布 T’ien Pu [<em>Hsin T’ang Shu</em>, ch. 148], who was sent to 魏 Wei in 821 A.D. with orders to lead an army against 王廷湊 Wang T’ing-ts’ou. But the whole time he was in command, his soldiers treated him with the utmost contempt, and openly flouted his authority by riding about the camp on donkeys, several thousands at a time. T’ien Pu was powerless to put a stop to this conduct, and when, after some months had passed, he made an attempt to engage the enemy, his troops turned tail and dispersed in every direction. After that, the unfortunate man committed suicide by cutting his throat."},{"ref":"20.16c","t":"When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is <em>collapse</em>."},{"ref":"20.16d","t":"Ts’ao Kung says: 吏强欲進卒弱輒陷 “The officers are energetic and want to press on, the common soldiers are feeble and suddenly collapse.” Note that 弱 is to be taken literally of physical weakness, whereas in the former clause it is figurative. Li Ch’üan makes 陷 equivalent to 敗, and Tu Mu explains it as 陷沒於死地 “stumbling into a death-trap.”"},{"ref":"20.17","t":"大吏怒而不服遇敵懟而自戰將不知其能曰崩"},{"ref":"20.17a","t":"When the higher officers"},{"ref":"20.17b","t":"大吏, according to Ts’ao Kung, are the 小將 “generals of inferior rank.” But Li Ch’üan, Ch’ên Hao and Wang Hsi take the term as simply convertible with 將 or 大將."},{"ref":"20.17c","t":"are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is <em>ruin</em>."},{"ref":"20.17d","t":"Ts’ao Kung makes 大將, understood, the subject of 怒, which seems rather far-fetched. Wang Hsi’s note is: 謂將怒不以理且不知裨佐之才激致其兇懟如山之崩壞也 “This means, the general is angry without just cause, and at the same time does not appreciate the ability of his subordinate officers; thus he arouses fierce resentment and brings an avalanche of ruin upon his head.” He takes 能, therefore, in the sense of 才; but I think that Ch’ên Hao is right in his paraphrase 不顧能否 “they don’t care if it be possible or no.” My interpretation of the whole passage is that of Mei Yao-ch’ên and Chang Yü. Tu Mu gives a long extract from the <em>Tso Chuan</em>, 宣公, XII. 3, showing how the great battle of 邲 Pi [597 B.C.] was lost for the 晉 Chin State through the contumacy of 先縠 Hsien Hu and the resentful spite of 魏錡 Wei I and 趙旃 Chao Chan. Chang Yü also alludes to the mutinous conduct of 欒黶 Luan Yen [<em>ibid.</em> 襄公, XIV. 3]."},{"ref":"20.18","t":"將弱不嚴教道不明吏卒無常陳兵縱橫曰亂"},{"ref":"20.18a","t":"When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct;"},{"ref":"20.18b","t":"Wei Liao Tzŭ (ch. 4) says: 上無疑令，則衆不二聽，動無疑事，則衆不二志 “If the commander gives his orders with decision, the soldiers will not wait to hear them twice; if his moves are made without vacillation, the soldiers will not be in two minds about doing their duty.” General Baden-Powell says, italicising the words: “The secret of getting successful work out of your trained men lies in one nutshell — in the clearness of the instructions they receive.”¹⁷⁷ Assuming that clear instructions beget confidence, this is very much what Wei Liao Tzŭ (<em>loc. cit.</em>) goes on to say: 未有不信其心而能得其力者也. Cf. also Wu Tzŭ ch. 3: 用兵之害猶豫最大三軍之災生於狐疑 “the most fatal defect in a military leader is diffidence; the worst calamities that befall an army arise from hesitation.”"},{"ref":"20.18c","t":"when there are no fixed duties assigned to officers and men,"},{"ref":"20.18d","t":"吏卒皆不拘常度 “Neither officers nor men have any regular routine” [Tu Mu]."},{"ref":"20.18e","t":"and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter <em>disorganisation</em>."},{"ref":"20.19","t":"將不能料敵以少合衆以弱擊强兵無選鋒曰北"},{"ref":"20.19a","t":"When a general, unable to estimate the enemy’s strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be a <em>rout</em>."},{"ref":"20.19b","t":"Chang Yü paraphrases the latter part of the sentence 不選驍勇之士使爲先鋒兵必敗北也, and continues: 凡戰必用精銳爲前鋒者一則壯吾志一則挫敵威也 “Whenever there is fighting to be done, the keenest spirits should be appointed to serve in the front ranks, both in order to strengthen the resolution of our own men and to demoralise the enemy.” Cf. the <em>primi ordines</em> of Caesar (“De Bello Gallico,” V. 28, 44 <em>et al.</em>). There seems little to distinguish 北 from 走 in § 15, except that 北 is a more forcible word."},{"ref":"20.20","t":"凡此六者敗之道也將之至任不可不察也"},{"ref":"20.20a","t":"These are six ways of courting defeat,"},{"ref":"20.20b","t":"Ch’ên Hao makes them out to be: (1) 不量寡衆 “neglect to estimate the enemy’s strength;” (2) 本乏刑德 “want of authority;” (3) 失於訓練 “defective training;” (4) 非理興怒 “unjustifiable anger;” (5) 法令不行 “non-observance of discipline;” (6) 不擇驍果 “failure to use picked men.”"},{"ref":"20.20c","t":"which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post."},{"ref":"20.20d","t":"See <em>supra</em>, § 13."},{"ref":"20.21","t":"夫地形者兵之助也料敵制勝計險阨遠近上將之道也"},{"ref":"20.21a","t":"The natural formation of the country is the soldier’s best ally;"},{"ref":"20.21b","t":"Chia Lin’s text has the reading 易 for 助. Ch’ên Hao says: 天時不如地利 “The advantages of weather and season are not equal to those connected with ground.”"},{"ref":"20.21c","t":"but a power of estimating the adversary,"},{"ref":"20.21d","t":"The insertion of a “but” is necessary to show the connection of thought here. A general should always utilise, but never rely wholly on natural advantages of terrain."},{"ref":"20.21e","t":"of controlling the forces of victory,"},{"ref":"20.21f","t":"制勝 is one of those condensed expressions which mean so much in Chinese, and so little in an English translation. What it seems to imply is complete mastery of the situation from the beginning."},{"ref":"20.21g","t":"and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances,"},{"ref":"20.21h","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 計極險易利害遠近. I am decidedly puzzled by Capt. Calthrop’s translation: “an eye for steepness, <em>command</em> and distances.” Where did he find the word which I have put in italics?"},{"ref":"20.21i","t":"constitutes the test of a great general."},{"ref":"20.21j","t":"A somewhat free translation of 道. As Chang Yü remarks, these are 兵之本 “the essentials of soldiering,” ground being only a helpful accessory."},{"ref":"20.22","t":"知此而用戰者必勝不知此而用戰者必敗"},{"ref":"20.22a","t":"He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practises them, will surely be defeated."},{"ref":"20.23","t":"故戰道必勝主曰無戰必戰可也戰道不勝主曰必戰無戰可也"},{"ref":"20.23a","t":"If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler’s bidding."},{"ref":"20.23b","t":"Cf. VIII. § 3 <em>fin.</em> Huang-shih Kung of the Ch’in dynasty, who is said to have been the patron of 張良 Chang Liang and to have written the 三略, has these words attributed to him: 出軍行師將在自專進退內御則功難成故聖主明王跪而推轂 “The responsibility of setting an army in motion must devolve on the general alone; if advance and retreat are controlled from the Palace, brilliant results will hardly be achieved. Hence the god-like ruler and the enlightened monarch are content to play a humble part in furthering their country’s cause [<em>lit.</em> kneel down to push the chariot wheel].” This means that 閫外之事將軍裁之 “in matters lying outside the zenana, the decision of the military commander must be absolute.” Chang Yü also quotes the saying: 軍中不聞天子之詔 “Decrees of the Son of Heaven do not penetrate the walls of a camp.” Napoleon, who has been accused of allowing his generals too little independence of action, speaks in the same sense: “Un général en chef n’est pas à couvert de ses fautes à la guerre par un ordre de son souverain ou du ministre, quand celui qui le donne est éloigné du champ d’opération, et qu’il connaît mal, ou ne connaît pas du tout le dernier état des choses.”¹⁷⁸"},{"ref":"20.24","t":"故進不求名退不避罪唯民是保而利合於主國之寳也"},{"ref":"20.24a","t":"The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace,"},{"ref":"20.24b","t":"It was Wellington, I think, who said that the hardest thing of all for a soldier is to retreat."},{"ref":"20.24c","t":"whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign,"},{"ref":"20.24d","t":"合, which is omitted by the <em>T’u Shu</em>, is said by Ch’ên Hao to be equivalent to 歸. If it had to be separately translated, it would be something like our word “accrue.”"},{"ref":"20.24e","t":"is the jewel of the kingdom."},{"ref":"20.24f","t":"A noble presentment, in few words, of the Chinese “happy warrior.” Such a man, says Ho Shih, 罪及其身不悔也 “even if he had to suffer punishment, would not regret his conduct.”"},{"ref":"20.25","t":"視卒如嬰兒故可與之赴深谿視卒如愛子故可與之俱死"},{"ref":"20.25a","t":"Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look on them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death."},{"ref":"20.25b","t":"Cf. I. § 6. In this connection, Tu Mu draws for us an engaging picture of the famous general Wu Ch’i, from whose treatise on war I have frequently had occasion to quote: “He wore the same clothes and ate the same food as the meanest of his soldiers, refused to have either a horse to ride or a mat to sleep on, carried his own surplus rations wrapped in a parcel, and shared every hardship with his men. One of his soldiers was suffering from an abscess, and Wu Ch’i himself sucked out the virus. The soldier’s mother, hearing this, began wailing and lamenting. Somebody asked her, saying: ‘Why do you cry? Your son is only a common soldier, and yet the commander-in-chief himself has sucked the poison from his sore.’ The woman replied: ‘Many years ago, Lord Wu performed a similar service for my husband, who never left him afterwards, and finally met his death at the hands of the enemy. And now that he has done the same for my son, he too will fall fighting I know not where’.” Li Ch’üan mentions 楚子 the Viscount of Ch’u, who invaded the small state of 蕭 Hsiao during the winter. 申公 The Duke of Shên said to him: “Many of the soldiers are suffering severely from the cold.” So he made a round of the whole army, comforting and encouraging the men; and straightway they felt as if they were clothed in garments lined with floss silk. [<em>Tso Chuan</em>, 宣公, XII. 5]. Chang Yü alludes to the same passage, saying: 温言一撫士同挾纊."},{"ref":"20.26","t":"厚而不能使愛而不能令亂而不能治譬如驕子不可用也"},{"ref":"20.26a","t":"If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder:"},{"ref":"20.26b","t":"Capt. Calthrop has got these three clauses quite wrong. The last he translates: “overindulgence may produce disorder.”"},{"ref":"20.26c","t":"then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose."},{"ref":"20.26d","t":"Cf. IX. § 42. We read in the 陰符經, pt. 2: 害生于思 “Injury comes out of kindness.” Li Ching once said that if you could make your soldiers afraid of you, they would not be afraid of the enemy. Tu Mu recalls an instance of stern military discipline which occurred in 219 A.D. when 呂蒙 Lü Mêng was occupying the town of 江陵 Chiang-ling. He had given stringent orders to his army not to molest the inhabitants nor take anything from them by force. Nevertheless, a certain officer serving under his banner, who happened to be a fellow-townsman, ventured to appropriate a bamboo hat (笠) belonging to one of the people, in order to wear it over his regulation helmet as a protection against the rain. Lü Mêng considered that the fact of his being also a native of 汝南 Ju-nan should not be allowed to palliate a clear breach of discipline, and accordingly he ordered his summary execution, the tears rolling down his face, however, as he did so. This act of severity filled the army with wholesome awe, and from that time forth even articles dropped in the highway were not picked up. [<em>San Kuo Chih</em>, ch. 54, f. 13 <em>r</em>o. &amp; <em>v</em>o.]."},{"ref":"20.27","t":"知吾卒之可以擊而不知敵之不可擊勝之半也"},{"ref":"20.27a","t":"If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory."},{"ref":"20.27b","t":"That is, as Ts’ao Kung says, “the issue in this case is uncertain.”"},{"ref":"20.28","t":"知敵之可擊而不知吾卒之不可以擊勝之半也"},{"ref":"20.28a","t":"If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory."},{"ref":"20.28b","t":"Cf. III. § 13 (1)."},{"ref":"20.29","t":"知敵之可擊知吾卒之可以擊而不知地形之不可以戰勝之半也"},{"ref":"20.29a","t":"If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory."},{"ref":"20.29b","t":"I may take this opportunity of pointing out the rather nice distinction in meaning between 擊 and 攻. The latter is simply “to attack” without any further implication, whereas 擊 is a stronger word which in nine cases out of ten means “to attack with expectation of victory,” “to fall upon,” as we should say, or even “to crush.” On the other hand, 擊 is not quite synonymous with 伐, which is mostly used of operations on a larger scale, as of one State <em>making war</em> on another, often with the added idea of invasion. 征, finally, has special reference to the subjugation of rebels. See Mencius, VII. 2. ii. 2."},{"ref":"20.30","t":"故知兵者動而不迷舉而不窮"},{"ref":"20.30a","t":"Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss."},{"ref":"20.30b","t":"The reason being, according to Tu Mu, that he has taken his measures so thoroughly as to ensure victory beforehand. “He does not move recklessly,” says Chang Yü, “so that when he does move, he makes no mistakes.” Another reading substitutes 困 for 迷 and 頓 for 窮. The latter variant only is adopted by the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em>. Note that 窮 here means “at the end of his <em>mental</em> resources.”"},{"ref":"20.31","t":"故曰知彼知己勝乃不殆知地知天勝乃可全"},{"ref":"20.31a","t":"Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt;"},{"ref":"20.31b","t":"Capt. Calthrop makes the saying end here, which cannot be justified."},{"ref":"20.31c","t":"if you know Heaven and know Earth,"},{"ref":"20.31d","t":"天 and 地 are transposed for the sake of the jingle between 天 and 全. The original text, however, has 知天知地, and the correction has been made from the <em>T’ung Tien</em>."},{"ref":"20.31e","t":"you may make your victory complete."},{"ref":"20.31f","t":"As opposed to 勝之半, above. The original text has 勝乃不窮, the corruption being perhaps due to the occurrence of 不窮 in the preceding sentence. Here, however 不窮 would not be synonymous with 不困, but equivalent to 不可以窮 “inexhaustible,” “beyond computation.” Cf. V. § 11. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> has again supplied the true reading. Li Ch’üan sums up as follows: 人事天時地利三者同知則百戰百勝 “Given a knowledge of three things — the affairs of man, the seasons of heaven and the natural advantages of earth —, victory will invariably crown your battles.”"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS."},{"ref":"21.1","t":"九地篇"},{"ref":"21.2","t":"LI CH’ÜAN IS not quite right in calling these 勝敵之地. As we shall see, some of them are highly disadvantageous from the military point of view. Wang Hsi more correctly says: 用兵之地利害有九也 “There are nine military situations, good and bad.” One would like to distinguish the 九地 from the six 地形 of chap. X by saying that the latter refer to the natural formation or geographical features of the country, while the 九地 have more to do with the condition of the army, being 地勢 “situations” as opposed to “grounds.” But it is soon found impossible to carry out the distinction. Both are cross-divisions, for among the 地形 we have “temporising ground” side by side with “narrow passes,” while in the present chapter there is even greater confusion."},{"ref":"21.1a","t":"孫子曰用兵之法有散地有輕地有爭地有交地有衢地有重地有圮地有圍地有死地"},{"ref":"21.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: The art of war recognises nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground."},{"ref":"21.2a","t":"諸侯自戰其地者爲散地"},{"ref":"21.2aa","t":"When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground."},{"ref":"21.2b","t":"So called because the soldiers, being near to their homes and anxious to see their wives and children, are likely to seize the opportunity afforded by a battle and scatter in every direction. “In their advance,” observes Tu Mu, “they will lack the valour of desperation, and when they retreat, they will find harbours of refuge.” The 者, which appears in the <em>T’u Shu</em>, seems to have been accidentally omitted in my edition of the standard text."},{"ref":"21.3","t":"入人之地而不深者爲輕地"},{"ref":"21.3a","t":"When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground."},{"ref":"21.3b","t":"Li Ch’üan and Ho Shih say 輕於退也 “because of the facility for retreating,” and the other commentators give similar explanations. Tu Mu remarks: 師出越境必焚舟梁示民無返顧之心 “When your army has crossed the border, you should burn your boats and bridges, in order to make it clear to everybody that you have no hankering after home.” I do not think that “disturbing ground,” Capt. Calthrop’s rendering of 輕地, has anything to justify it. If an idiomatic translation is out of the question, one should at least attempt to be literal."},{"ref":"21.4","t":"我得則利彼得亦利者爲爭地"},{"ref":"21.4a","t":"Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground."},{"ref":"21.4b","t":"I must apologise for using this word in a sense not known to the dictionary, i.e. “to be contended for” — Tu Mu’s 必爭之地. Ts’ao Kung says: 可以少勝衆弱勝强 “ground on which the few and the weak can defeat the many and the strong,” such as 阨喉 “the neck of a pass,” instanced by Li Ch’üan. Thus, Thermopylae was a 爭地, because the possession of it, even for a few days only, meant holding the entire invading army in check and thus gaining invaluable time. Cf. Wu Tzŭ, ch. V. <em>ad init.</em>: 以一擊十莫善於阨 “For those who have to fight in the ratio of one to ten, there is nothing better than a narrow pass.” When 呂光 Lü Kuang was returning from his triumphant expedition to Turkestan in 385 A.D. and had got as far as 宜禾 I-ho, laden with spoils, 梁熙 Liang Hsi, administrator of 涼州 Liang-chou, taking advantage of the death of Fu Chien, King of Ch’in, plotted against him and was for barring his way into the province. 楊翰 Yang Han, governor of 高昌 Kao-ch’ang, counselled him, saying: “Lü Kuang is fresh from his victories in the west, and his soldiers are vigorous and mettlesome. If we oppose him in the shifting sands of the desert, we shall be no match for him, and we must therefore try a different plan. Let us hasten to occupy the defile at the mouth of the 高梧 Kao-wu pass, thus cutting him off from supplies of water, and when his troops are prostrated with thirst, we can dictate our own terms without moving. Or if you think that the pass I mention is too far off, we could make a stand against him at the 伊吾 I-wu pass, which is nearer. The cunning and resource of 子房 Tzŭ-fang himself [i.e. 張良] would be expended in vain against the enormous strength of these two positions.” Liang Hsi, refusing to act on this advice, was overwhelmed and swept away by the invader. [See 晉書, ch. 122, fol. 3 <em>r</em>o, and 歴代紀事年表, ch. 43, fol. 26.]"},{"ref":"21.5","t":"我可以往彼可以來者爲交地"},{"ref":"21.5a","t":"Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground."},{"ref":"21.5b","t":"This is only a makeshift translation of 交, which according to Ts’ao Kung stands for 交錯 “ground covered with a network of roads,” like a chess-board. Another interpretation, suggested by Ho Shih, is 交通 “ground on which intercommunication is easy.” In either case, it must evidently be 平原 “flat country,” and therefore 不可杜絶 “cannot be blocked.” Cf. 通形, X. § 2."},{"ref":"21.6","t":"諸侯之地三屬先至而得天下之衆者爲衢地"},{"ref":"21.6a","t":"Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,"},{"ref":"21.6b","t":"我與敵相當而旁有他國也 “Our country adjoining the enemy’s and a third country conterminous with both.” [Ts’ao Kung.] Mêng Shih instances the small principality of 鄭 Chêng, which was bounded on the north-east by 齊 Ch’i, on the west by 晉 Chin, and on the south by 楚 Ch’u."},{"ref":"21.6c","t":"so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command,"},{"ref":"21.6d","t":"天下 of course stands for the loose confederacy of states into which China was divided under the Chou dynasty. The belligerent who holds this dominating position can constrain most of them to become his allies. See <em>infra</em>, § 48. 衆 appears at first sight to be “the masses” or “population” of the Empire, but it is more probably, as Tu Yu says, 諸侯之衆."},{"ref":"21.6e","t":"is ground of intersecting highways."},{"ref":"21.6f","t":"Capt. Calthrop’s “path-ridden ground” might stand well enough for 交地 above, but it does not bring out the force of 衢地, which clearly denotes the central position where important highways meet."},{"ref":"21.7","t":"入人之地深背城邑多者爲重地"},{"ref":"21.7a","t":"When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear,"},{"ref":"21.7b","t":"After 多, the <em>T’ung Tien</em> intercalates the gloss 難以返."},{"ref":"21.7c","t":"it is serious ground."},{"ref":"21.7d","t":"Wang Hsi explains the name by saying that 兵至此者事勢重也 “when an army has reached such a point, its situation is serious.” Li Ch’üan instances (1) the victorious march of 樂毅 Yo I into the capital of Ch’i in 284 B.C. and (2) the attack on Ch’u, six years later, by the Ch’in general 白起 Po Ch’i."},{"ref":"21.8","t":"山林險阻沮澤凡難行之道者爲圮地"},{"ref":"21.8a","t":"Mountain forests,"},{"ref":"21.8b","t":"Or simply, “forests.” I follow the <em>T’u Shu</em> in omitting the 行 before 山林, given in the standard text, which is not only otiose but spoils the rhythm of the sentence."},{"ref":"21.8c","t":"rugged steeps, marshes and fens — all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground."},{"ref":"21.8d","t":"圮 <em>p’i</em>3 (to be distinguished from 圯 i⁴) is defined by K’ang Hsi (after the <em>Shuo Wên</em>) as 毁 “to destroy.” Hence Chia Lin explains 圮地 as ground 經水所毁 “that has been ruined by water passing over it,” and Tu Yu simply as 沮洳之地 “swampy ground.” But Ch’ên Hao says that the word is specially applied to deep hollows — what Chu-ko Liang, he tells us, used to designate by the expressive term 地獄 “earth-hells.” Compare the 天井 of IX. § 15."},{"ref":"21.9","t":"所由入者隘所從歸者迂彼寡可以擊吾之衆者爲圍地"},{"ref":"21.9a","t":"Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed-in ground."},{"ref":"21.10","t":"疾戰則存不疾戰則亡者爲死地"},{"ref":"21.10a","t":"Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground."},{"ref":"21.10b","t":"The situation, as pictured by Ts’ao Kung, is very similar to the 圍地, except that here escape is no longer possible: 前有高山後有大水進則不得退則有礙 “A lofty mountain in front, a large river behind, advance impossible, retreat blocked.” Ch’ên Hao says: 人在死地如坐漏船伏燒屋 “to be on ‘desperate ground’ is like sitting in a leaking boat or crouching in a burning house.” Tu Mu quotes from Li Ching a vivid description of the plight of an army thus entrapped: “Suppose an army invading hostile territory without the aid of local guides: — it falls into a fatal snare and is at the enemy’s mercy. A ravine on the left, a mountain on the right, a pathway so perilous that the horses have to be roped together and the chariots carried in slings, no passage open in front, retreat cut off behind, no choice but to proceed in single file (鴈行魚貫之嚴). Then, before there is time to range our soldiers in order of battle, the enemy in overwhelming strength suddenly appears on the scene. Advancing, we can nowhere take a breathing-space; retreating, we have no haven of refuge. We seek a pitched battle, but in vain; yet standing on the defensive, none of us has a moment’s respite. If we simply maintain our ground, whole days and months will crawl by; the moment we make a move, we have to sustain the enemy’s attacks on front and rear. The country is wild, destitute of water and plants; the army is lacking in the necessaries of life, the horses are jaded and the men worn-out, all the resources of strength and skill unavailing, the pass so narrow that a single man defending it can check the onset of ten thousand; all means of offence in the hands of the enemy, all points of vantage already forfeited by ourselves: — in this terrible plight, even though we had the most valiant soldiers and the keenest of weapons, how could they be employed with the slightest effect?” Students of Greek history may be reminded of the awful close to the Sicilian expedition, and the agony of the Athenians under Nicias and Demosthenes. [<em>See</em> Thucydides, VII. 78 sqq.]."},{"ref":"21.11","t":"是故散地則無以戰輕地則無止爭地則無攻"},{"ref":"21.11a","t":"On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not."},{"ref":"21.11b","t":"But rather let all your energies be bent on occupying the advantageous position first. So Ts’ao Kung. Li Ch’üan and others, however, suppose the meaning to be that the enemy has already forestalled us, so that it would be sheer madness to attack. In the 孫子敘錄, when the King of Wu inquires what should be done in this case, Sun Tzŭ replies: “The rule with regard to contentious ground is that those in possession have the advantage over the other side. If a position of this kind is secured first by the enemy, beware of attacking him. Lure him away by pretending to flee — show your banners and sound your drums — make a dash for other places that he cannot afford to lose — trail brushwood and raise a dust — confound his ears and eyes — detach a body of your best troops, and place it secretly in ambuscade. Then your opponent will sally forth to the rescue.”"},{"ref":"21.12","t":"交地則無絶衢地則合交"},{"ref":"21.12a","t":"On open ground, do not try to block the enemy’s way."},{"ref":"21.12b","t":"Because the attempt would be futile, and would expose the blocking force itself to serious risks. There are two interpretations of 無絶. I follow that of Chang Yü (不可以兵阻絶其路). The other is indicated in Ts’ao Kung’s brief note: 相及屬也 “Draw closer together” — <em>i.e.</em> see that a portion of your own army is not cut off. Wang Hsi points out that 交地 is only another name for the 通地 “accessible ground” of X. § 2, and says that the advice here given is simply a variation of 利糧道 “keep a sharp eye on the line of supplies,” be careful that your communications are not cut. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads 無相絶."},{"ref":"21.12c","t":"On ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies."},{"ref":"21.12d","t":"Or perhaps, “form alliances with neighbouring states.” Thus Ts’ao Kung has: 結諸侯也. Capt. Calthrop’s “cultivate intercourse” is much too timid and vague. The original text reads 交合."},{"ref":"21.13","t":"重地則掠圮地則行"},{"ref":"21.13a","t":"On serious ground, gather in plunder."},{"ref":"21.13b","t":"On this, Li Ch’üan has the following delicious note: 深入敵境不可非義失人心如漢高祖入秦無犯婦女無取寳貨得人心也此筌以掠字爲無掠字 “When an army penetrates far into the enemy’s country, care must be taken not to alienate the people by unjust treatment. Follow the example of the Han Emperor Kao Tsu, whose march into Ch’in territory was marked by no violation of women or looting of valuables. [<em>Nota bene</em>: this was in 207 B.C. and may well cause us to blush for the Christian armies that entered Peking in 1900 A.D.] Thus he won the hearts of all. In the present passage, then, I think that the true reading must be, not 掠 ‘plunder’, but 無掠 ‘do not plunder’.” Alas, I fear that in this instance the worthy commentator’s feelings outran his judgment. Tu Mu, at least, has no such illusions. He says: “When encamped on ‘serious ground,’ there being no inducement as yet to advance further, and no possibility of retreat, one ought to take measures for a protracted resistance by bringing in provisions from all sides, and keep a close watch on the enemy.” Cf. also II. § 9: 因糧於敵."},{"ref":"21.13c","t":"In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march."},{"ref":"21.13d","t":"Or, in the words of VIII. §2, 無舍 “do not encamp.”"},{"ref":"21.14","t":"圍地則謀死地則戰"},{"ref":"21.14a","t":"On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem."},{"ref":"21.14b","t":"Ts’ao Kung says: 發奇謀 “Try the effect of some unusual artifice;” and Tu Yu amplifies this by saying: 居此則當權謀詐譎可以免難 “In such a position, some scheme must be devised which will suit the circumstances, and if we can succeed in deluding the enemy, the peril may be escaped.” This is exactly what happened on the famous occasion when Hannibal was hemmed in among the mountains on the road to Casilinum, and to all appearances entrapped by the Dictator Fabius. The stratagem which Hannibal devised to baffle his foes was remarkably like that which T’ien Tan had also employed with success exactly 62 years before. [See IX. § 24, note.] When night came on, bundles of twigs were fastened to the horns of some 2000 oxen and set on fire, the terrified animals being then quickly driven along the mountain side towards the passes which were beset by the enemy. The strange spectacle of these rapidly moving lights so alarmed and discomfited the Romans that they withdrew from their position, and Hannibal’s army passed safely through the defile. [See Polybius, III. 93, 94; Livy, XXII. 16, 17.]"},{"ref":"21.14c","t":"On desperate ground, fight."},{"ref":"21.14d","t":"For, as Chia Lin remarks: 力戰或生守隅則死 “if you fight with all your might, there is a chance of life; whereas death is certain if you cling to your corner.”"},{"ref":"21.15","t":"所謂古之善用兵者能使敵人前後不相及衆寡不相恃貴賤不相救上下不相扶"},{"ref":"21.15a","t":"Those who were called skilful leaders of old"},{"ref":"21.15b","t":"所謂 is omitted in the <em>T’u Shu</em> text."},{"ref":"21.15c","t":"knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy’s front and rear;"},{"ref":"21.15d","t":"More literally, “cause the front and rear to lose touch with each other.”"},{"ref":"21.15e","t":"to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad,"},{"ref":"21.15f","t":"I doubt if 貴賤 can mean “officers and men,” as Capt. Calthrop translates. This is wanted for 上下."},{"ref":"21.15g","t":"the officers from rallying their men."},{"ref":"21.15h","t":"The reading 扶, derived from the <em>Yü Lan</em>, must be considered very doubtful. The original text has 救, and the <em>T’u Shu</em> 收."},{"ref":"21.16","t":"卒離而不集兵合而不齊"},{"ref":"21.16a","t":"When the enemy’s men were scattered, they prevented them from concentrating;"},{"ref":"21.16b","t":"Capt. Calthrop translates 卒離 “they scattered the enemy,” which cannot be right."},{"ref":"21.16c","t":"even when their forces were united, they managed to keep them in disorder."},{"ref":"21.16d","t":"Mei Yao-ch’ên’s note makes the sense plain: 或已離而不能合或雖合而不能齊. All these clauses, of course, down to 不齊, are dependent on 使 in § 15."},{"ref":"21.17","t":"合於利而動不合於利而止"},{"ref":"21.17a","t":"When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still."},{"ref":"21.17b","t":"Mei Yao-ch’ên connects this with the foregoing: 然能使敵若此當須有利則動無利則止 “Having succeeded in thus dislocating the enemy, they would push forward in order to secure any advantage to be gained; if there was no advantage to be gained, they would remain where they were.”"},{"ref":"21.18","t":"敢問敵衆整而將來待之若何曰先奪其所愛則聽矣"},{"ref":"21.18a","t":"If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack,"},{"ref":"21.18b","t":"敢問 is like 或問, introducing a supposed question."},{"ref":"21.18c","t":"I should say: “Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will.”"},{"ref":"21.18d","t":"Opinions differ as to what Sun Tzŭ had in mind. Ts’ao Kung thinks it is 其所恃之利 “some strategical advantage on which the enemy is depending.” Tu Mu says: 據我便地畧我田野利其糧道斯三者敵人之所愛惜倚恃者也 “The three things which an enemy is anxious to do, and on the accomplishment of which his success depends, are: (1) to capture our favourable positions; (2) to ravage our cultivated land; (3) to guard his own communications.” Our object then must be to thwart his plans in these three directions and thus render him helpless. [Cf. III. § 3.] But this exegesis unduly strains the meaning of 奪 and 愛, and I agree with Ch’ên Hao, who says that 所愛 does not refer only to strategical advantages, but is any person or thing that may happen to be of importance to the enemy. By boldly seizing the initiative in this way, you at once throw the other side on the defensive."},{"ref":"21.19","t":"兵之情主速乘人之不及由不虞之道攻其所不戒也"},{"ref":"21.19a","t":"Rapidity is the essence of war:"},{"ref":"21.19b","t":"兵之情 means “the conditions of war,” not, as Capt. Calthrop says, “the spirit of the troops.” According to Tu Mu, 此統言兵之情狀 “this is a summary of leading principles in warfare,” and he adds: 此乃兵之深情將之至事也 “These are the profoundest truths of military science, and the chief business of the general.” The following anecdotes, told by Ho Shih, show the importance attached to speed by two of China’s greatest generals. In 227 A.D. 孟達 Mêng Ta, governor of 新城 Hsin-ch’êng under the Wei Emperor Wên Ti, was meditating defection to the House of Shu, and had entered into correspondence with Chu-ko Liang, Prime Minister of that State. The Wei general Ssŭ-ma I was then military governor of 宛 Wan, and getting wind of Mêng Ta’s treachery, he at once set off with an army to anticipate his revolt, having previously cajoled him by a specious message of friendly import. Ssŭ-ma’s officers came to him and said: “If Mêng Ta has leagued himself with Wu and Shu, the matter should be thoroughly investigated before we make a move.” Ssŭ-ma I replied: “Mêng Ta is an unprincipled man, and we ought to go and punish him at once, while he is still wavering and before he has thrown off the mask.” Then, by a series of forced marches, he brought his army under the walls of Hsin-ch’êng within the space of eight days. Now Mêng Ta had previously said in a letter to Chu-ko Liang: “Wan is 1200 <em>li</em> from here. When the news of my revolt reaches Ssŭ-ma I, he will at once inform his Imperial Master, but it will be a whole month before any steps can be taken, and by that time my city will be well fortified. Besides, Ssŭ-ma I is sure not to come himself, and the generals that will be sent against us are not worth troubling about.” The next letter, however, was filled with consternation: “Though only eight days have passed since I threw off my allegiance, an army is already at the city-gates. What miraculous rapidity is this!” A fortnight later, Hsin-ch’êng had fallen and Mêng Ta had lost his head. [See <em>Chin Shu</em>, ch. 1, f. 3.] In 621 A.D. Li Ching was sent from 夔州 K’uei-chou in Ssŭ-ch’uan to reduce the successful rebel 蕭銑 Hsiao Hsien, who had set up as Emperor at the modern 荆州 Ching-chou Fu in Hupeh. It was autumn, and the Yangtsze being then in flood, Hsiao Hsien never dreamt that his adversary would venture to come down through the gorges, and consequently made no preparations. But Li Ching embarked his army without loss of time, and was just about to start when the other generals implored him to postpone his departure until the river was in a less dangerous state for navigation. Li Ching replied: “To the soldier, overwhelming speed is of paramount importance, and he must never miss opportunities. Now is the time to strike, before Hsiao Hsien even knows that we have got an army together. If we seize the present moment when the river is in flood, we shall appear before his capital with startling suddenness, like the thunder which is heard before you have time to stop your ears against it. [<em>See</em> VII, § 19, note.] This is the great principle in war. Even if he gets to know of our approach, he will have to levy his soldiers in such a hurry that they will not be fit to oppose us. Thus the full fruits of victory will be ours.” All came about as he predicted, and Hsiao Hsien was obliged to surrender, nobly stipulating that his people should be spared and he alone suffer the penalty of death. [See <em>Hsin T’ang Shu</em>, ch. 93, f. 1 <em>v</em>o.]"},{"ref":"21.19c","t":"take advantage of the enemy’s unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots."},{"ref":"21.20","t":"凡爲客之道深入則專主人不克"},{"ref":"21.20a","t":"The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you."},{"ref":"21.21","t":"掠於饒野三軍足食"},{"ref":"21.21a","t":"Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food."},{"ref":"21.21b","t":"Cf. <em>supra</em>, § 13. Li Ch’üan does not venture on a note here."},{"ref":"21.22","t":"謹養而勿勞併氣積力運兵計謀爲不可測"},{"ref":"21.22a","t":"Carefully study the well-being of your men,"},{"ref":"21.22b","t":"謹養, according to Wang Hsi, means: 撫循飮食周謹之 “Pet them, humour them, give them plenty of food and drink, and look after them generally.”"},{"ref":"21.22c","t":"and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength."},{"ref":"21.22d","t":"Tu Mu explains these words in a rhyming couplet: 氣全力盛一發取勝; and Ch’ên Hao recalls the line of action adopted in 224 B.C. by the famous general 王翦 Wang Chien, whose military genius largely contributed to the success of the First Emperor. He had invaded the Ch’u State, where a universal levy was made to oppose him. But, being doubtful of the temper of his troops, he declined all invitations to fight and remained strictly on the defensive. In vain did the Ch’u general try to force a battle: day after day Wang Chien kept inside his walls and would not come out, but devoted his whole time and energy to winning the affection and confidence of his men. He took care that they should be well fed, sharing his own meals with them, provided facilities for bathing, and employed every method of judicious indulgence to weld them into a loyal and homogeneous body. After some time had elapsed, he told off certain persons to find out how the men were amusing themselves. The answer was, that they were contending with one another in putting the weight and long-jumping (投石超距). When Wang Chien heard that they were engaged in these athletic pursuits, he knew that their spirits had been strung up to the required pitch and that they were now ready for fighting. By this time the Ch’u army, after repeating their challenge again and again, had marched away eastwards in disgust. The Ch’in general immediately broke up his camp and followed them, and in the battle that ensued they were routed with great slaughter. Shortly afterwards, the whole of Ch’u was conquered by Ch’in, and the king 負芻 Fu-ch’u led into captivity. [See <em>Shih Chi</em>, ch. 73, f. 5 <em>r</em>o. It should be noted that, 楚 being a taboo character under the Ch’in dynasty, the name figures as 荆 throughout.]"},{"ref":"21.22e","t":"Keep your army continually on the move,"},{"ref":"21.22f","t":"In order that the enemy may never know exactly where you are. It has struck me, however, that the true reading might be, not 運兵, but 連兵 “link your army together” [cf. <em>supra</em> § 46, 吾將使之屬], which would be more in keeping with 併氣積力. Capt. Calthrop cuts the Gordian knot by omitting the words altogether."},{"ref":"21.22g","t":"and devise unfathomable plans."},{"ref":"21.22h","t":"Ch’ang Yü’s paraphrase is: 常爲不可測度之計."},{"ref":"21.23","t":"投之無所往死且不北死焉不得士人盡力"},{"ref":"21.23a","t":"Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight."},{"ref":"21.23b","t":"Cf. Nicias’ speech to the Athenians: Τό τε ξύμπαν γνῶτε, ὦ ἄνδρες στρατιῶται, ἀναγκαῖόν τε ὂν ὑμῖν ἀνδράσιν ἀγαθοῖς γίγνεσθαι ὡς μὴ ὄντος χωρίου ἐγγὺς ὅποι ἂν μαλακισθέντες σωθείητε, etc. [Thuc. VII. 77. vii.]"},{"ref":"21.23c","t":"If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve."},{"ref":"21.23d","t":"死 by itself constitutes the protasis, and 焉 is the interrogative = 安. Capt. Calthrop makes the protasis end with 得: “If there be no alternative but death.” But I do not see how this is to be got out of the Chinese. Chang Yü gives a clear paraphrase: 士卒死戰安不得志, and quotes his favourite Wei Liao Tzŭ (ch. 3): 一夫仗劔擊於市萬人無不避之者臣謂非一人之獨勇萬人皆不肖也何則必死與必生固不侔也 “If one man were to run amok with a sword in the market-place, and everybody else tried to get out of his way, I should not allow that this man alone had courage and that all the rest were contemptible cowards. The truth is, that a desperado and a man who sets some value on his life do not meet on even terms.”"},{"ref":"21.23e","t":"Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength."},{"ref":"21.23f","t":"士人 appears to stand for the more usual 士卒. Chang Yü says: 同在難地安得不共竭其力 “If they are in an awkward place together, they will surely exert their united strength to get out of it.”"},{"ref":"21.24","t":"兵士甚陷則不懼無所往則固深入則拘不得已則鬥"},{"ref":"21.24a","t":"Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in the heart of a hostile country, they will show a stubborn front."},{"ref":"21.24b","t":"Capt. Calthrop weakly says: “there is unity,” as though the text were 則專, as in § 20. But 拘 introduces quite a new idea — that of <em>tenacity</em> — which Ts’ao Kung tries to explain by the word 縛 “to bind fast.”"},{"ref":"21.24c","t":"If there is no help for it, they will fight hard."},{"ref":"21.25","t":"是故其兵不修而戒不求而得不約而親不令而信"},{"ref":"21.25a","t":"Thus, without waiting to be marshalled, the soldiers will be constantly on the <em>qui vive</em>;"},{"ref":"21.25b","t":"Tu Mu says: 不待修整而自戒懼. Capt. Calthrop wrongly translates 不修 “without warnings.”"},{"ref":"21.25c","t":"without waiting to be asked, they will do your will;"},{"ref":"21.25d","t":"Literally, “without asking, you will get.” Chang Yü’s paraphrase is: 不求索而得情意."},{"ref":"21.25e","t":"without restrictions, they will be faithful;"},{"ref":"21.25f","t":"Chang Yü says: 不約束而親上."},{"ref":"21.25g","t":"without giving orders, they can be trusted."},{"ref":"21.25h","t":"This last clause is very similar in sense to the one preceding, except that 親 indicates the soldiers’ attachment to their leader, and 信 the leader’s attitude towards them. I rather doubt if 信 can mean “they will have confidence in their leader,” as the commentary seems to indicate. That way, the sense is not nearly so good. On the other hand, it is just possible that here, as in VIII. § 8 and <em>infra</em>, § 55, 信 may = 申: “without orders, they will carry out [their leader’s plans].” The whole of this paragraph, of course, has reference to “desperate ground.”"},{"ref":"21.26","t":"禁祥去疑至死無所災"},{"ref":"21.26a","t":"Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts."},{"ref":"21.26b","t":"祥 is amplified by Ts’ao Kung into 妖祥之言, and 疑 into 疑惑之計. Cf. the <em>Ssŭ-ma Fa</em>, ch. 3: 滅厲祥."},{"ref":"21.26c","t":"Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared."},{"ref":"21.26d","t":"The superstitious, “bound in to saucy doubts and fears,” degenerate into cowards and “die many times before their deaths.” Tu Mu quotes Huang-shih Kung: 禁巫祝不得爲吏士卜問軍之吉凶恐亂軍士之心 “‘Spells and incantations should be strictly forbidden, and no officer allowed to inquire by divination into the fortunes of an army, for fear the soldier’s minds should be seriously perturbed.’ The meaning is,” he continues, “that if all doubts and scruples are discarded, your men will never falter in their resolution until they die.” The reading of the standard text is 無所之 “there will be no refuge,” which does not fit in well here. I therefore prefer to adopt the variant 災, which evidently stood in Li Ch’üan’s text."},{"ref":"21.27","t":"吾士無餘財非惡貨也無餘命非惡壽也"},{"ref":"21.27a","t":"If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity."},{"ref":"21.27b","t":"Chang Yü has the best note on this passage: 貨與壽人之所愛也所以燒擲財寳割棄性命者非憎惡之也不得已也 “Wealth and long life are things for which all men have a natural inclination. Hence, if they burn or fling away valuables, and sacrifice their own lives, it is not that they dislike them, but simply that they have no choice.” Sun Tzŭ is slyly insinuating that, as soldiers are but human, it is for the general to see that temptations to shirk fighting and grow rich are not thrown in their way. Capt. Calthrop, mistaking 惡 for the adjective, has: “not because money is a bad thing... not because long life is evil.”"},{"ref":"21.28","t":"令發之日士卒坐者涕霑襟偃臥者涕交頤投之無所往者諸劌之勇也"},{"ref":"21.28a","t":"On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep,"},{"ref":"21.28b","t":"The word in the Chinese is 涕 “snivel.” This is taken to indicate more genuine grief than tears alone."},{"ref":"21.28c","t":"those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks."},{"ref":"21.28d","t":"Not because they are afraid, but because, as Ts’ao Kung says, 皆持必死之計 “all have embraced the firm resolution to do or die.” We may remember that the heroes of the Iliad were equally childlike in showing their emotion. Chang Yü alludes to the mournful parting at the 易 I River between 荆軻 Ching K’o and his friends, when the former was sent to attempt the life of the King of Ch’in (afterwards First Emperor) in 227 B.C. The tears of all flowed down like rain as he bade them farewell and uttered the following lines: 風蕭蕭兮，易水寒，壯士一去兮，不復還 “The shrill blast is blowing, Chilly the burn; Your champion is going — Not to return.”¹⁷⁹"},{"ref":"21.28e","t":"But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei."},{"ref":"21.28f","t":"諸 was the personal name of 專諸 Chuan Chu, a native of the Wu State and contemporary with Sun Tzŭ himself, who was employed by 公子光 Kung-tzŭ Kuang, better known as Ho Lü Wang, to assassinate his sovereign 王僚 Wang Liao with a dagger which he secreted in the belly of a fish served up at a banquet. He succeeded in his attempt, but was immediately hacked to pieces by the king’s bodyguard. This was in 515 B.C. The other hero referred to, 曹劌 Ts’ao Kuei (or Ts’ao 沫 Mo), performed the exploit which has made his name famous 166 years earlier, in 681 B.C. Lu had been thrice defeated by Ch’i, and was just about to conclude a treaty surrendering a large slice of territory, when Ts’ao Kuei suddenly seized 桓公 Huan Kung, the Duke of Ch’i, as he stood on the altar steps and held a dagger against his chest. None of the Duke’s retainers dared to move a muscle, and Ts’ao Kuei proceeded to demand full restitution, declaring that Lu was being unjustly treated because she was a smaller and weaker state. Huan Kung, in peril of his life, was obliged to consent, whereupon Ts’ao Kuei flung away his dagger and quietly resumed his place amid the terrified assemblage without having so much as changed colour. As was to be expected, the Duke wanted afterwards to repudiate the bargain, but his wise old counsellor 管仲 Kuan Chung pointed out to him the impolicy of breaking his word, and the upshot was that this bold stroke regained for Lu the whole of what she had lost in three pitched battles. [For another anecdote of Ts’ao Kuei see VII. § 27, note; and for the biographies of these three bravos, Ts’ao, Chuan and Ching, see <em>Shih Chi</em>, ch. 86.]"},{"ref":"21.29","t":"故善用兵譬如率然率然者常山之虵也擊其首則尾至擊其尾則首至擊其中則首尾俱至"},{"ref":"21.29a","t":"The skilful tactician may be likened to the <em>shuai-jan</em>. Now the <em>shuai-jan</em> is a snake that is found in the Ch’ang mountains."},{"ref":"21.29b","t":"率然 means “suddenly” or “rapidly,” and the snake in question was doubtless so called owing to the rapidity of its movements. Through this passage, the term has now come to be used in the sense of “military manœuvres.” The 常山 have apparently not been identified."},{"ref":"21.29c","t":"Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle,"},{"ref":"21.29d","t":"Another reading in the <em>Yü Lan</em> for 中 is 腹 “belly.”"},{"ref":"21.29e","t":"and you will be attacked by head and tail both."},{"ref":"21.30","t":"敢問兵可使如率然乎曰可夫吳人與越人相惡也當其同舟而濟遇風其相救也如左右手"},{"ref":"21.30a","t":"Asked if an army can be made to imitate the <em>shuai-jan</em>,"},{"ref":"21.30b","t":"That is, as Mei Yao-ch’ên says, 可使兵首尾率然相應如一體乎 “Is it possible to make the front and rear of an army each swiftly responsive to attack on the other, just as though they were parts of a single living body?”"},{"ref":"21.30c","t":"I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yüeh are enemies;"},{"ref":"21.30d","t":"Cf. VI. § 21."},{"ref":"21.30e","t":"yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other’s assistance just as the left hand helps the right."},{"ref":"21.30f","t":"The meaning is: If two enemies will help each other in a time of common peril, how much more should two parts of the same army, bound together as they are by every tie of interest and fellow-feeling. Yet it is notorious that many a campaign has been ruined through lack of co-operation, especially in the case of allied armies."},{"ref":"21.31","t":"是故方馬埋輪未足恃也"},{"ref":"21.31a","t":"Hence it is not enough to put one’s trust in the tethering of horses,"},{"ref":"21.31b","t":"方 is said here to be equivalent to 縛."},{"ref":"21.31c","t":"and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground."},{"ref":"21.31d","t":"These quaint devices to prevent one’s army from running away recall the Athenian hero Sôphanes, who carried an anchor with him at the battle of Plataea, by means of which he fastened himself firmly to one spot. [See Herodotus, IX. 74.] It is not enough, says Sun Tzŭ, to render flight impossible by such mechanical means. You will not succeed unless your men have tenacity and unity of purpose, and, above all, a spirit of sympathetic co-operation. This is the lesson which can be learned from the <em>shuai-jan</em>."},{"ref":"21.32","t":"齊勇若一政之道也"},{"ref":"21.32a","t":"The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach."},{"ref":"21.32b","t":"Literally, “level the courage [of all] as though [it were that of] one.” If the ideal army is to form a single organic whole, then it follows that the resolution and spirit of its component parts must be of the same quality, or at any rate must not fall below a certain standard. Wellington’s seemingly ungrateful description of his army at Waterloo as “the worst he had ever commanded” meant no more than that it was deficient in this important particular — unity of spirit and courage. Had he not foreseen the Belgian defections and carefully kept those troops in the background, he would almost certainly have lost the day."},{"ref":"21.33","t":"剛柔皆得地之理也"},{"ref":"21.33a","t":"How to make the best of both strong and weak — that is a question involving the proper use of ground."},{"ref":"21.33b","t":"This is rather a hard sentence on the first reading, but the key to it will be found, firstly, in the pause after 得, and next, in the meaning of 得 itself. The best equivalent for this that I can think of is the German “zur Geltung kommen.” Mei Yao-ch’ên’s paraphrase is: 兵無强弱皆得用者是因地之勢也 “The way to eliminate the differences of strong and weak and to make both serviceable is to utilise accidental features of the ground.” Less reliable troops, if posted in strong positions, will hold out as long as better troops on more exposed terrain. The advantage of position neutralises the inferiority in stamina and courage. Col. Henderson says: “With all respect to the text books, and to ordinary tactical teaching, I am inclined to think that the study of ground is often overlooked, and that by no means sufficient importance is attached to the selection of positions... and to the immense advantages that are to be derived, whether you are defending or attacking, from the proper utilisation of natural features.”¹⁸⁰"},{"ref":"21.34","t":"故善用兵者攜手若使一人不得已也"},{"ref":"21.34a","t":"Thus the skilful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand."},{"ref":"21.34b","t":"Tu Mu says: 喩易也 “The simile has reference to the ease with which he does it.” 不得已 means that he makes it impossible for his troops to do otherwise than obey. Chang Yü quotes a jingle, to be found in Wu Tzŭ, ch. 4: 將之所揮，莫不從移，將之所指，莫不前死."},{"ref":"21.35","t":"將軍之事靜以幽正以治"},{"ref":"21.35a","t":"It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order."},{"ref":"21.35b","t":"靜 seems to combine the meanings “noiseless” and “imperturbable,” both of which attributes would of course conduce to secrecy. Tu Mu explains 幽 as 幽深難測 “deep and inscrutable,” and 正 as 平正無偏 “fair and unbiassed.” Mei Yao-ch’ên alone among the commentators takes 治 in the sense of 自治 “self-controlled.” 幽 and 治 are causally connected with 靜 and 正 respectively. This is not brought out at all in Capt. Calthrop’s rendering: “The general should be calm, inscrutable, just and prudent.” The last adjective, moreover, can in no sense be said to represent 治."},{"ref":"21.36","t":"能愚士卒之耳目使之無知"},{"ref":"21.36a","t":"He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances,"},{"ref":"21.36b","t":"Literally, “to deceive their eyes and ears” — 愚 being here used as a verb in the sense of 誤."},{"ref":"21.36c","t":"and thus keep them in total ignorance."},{"ref":"21.36d","t":"Ts’ao Kung gives us one of his excellent apophthegms: 民可與樂成不可與慮始 “The troops must not be allowed to share your schemes in the beginning; they may only rejoice with you over their happy outcome.” “To mystify, mislead, and surprise the enemy,” is one of the first principles in war, as has been frequently pointed out. But how about the other process — the mystification of one’s own men? Those who may think that Sun Tzŭ is over-emphatic on this point would do well to read Col. Henderson’s remarks on Stonewall Jackson’s Valley campaign: “The infinite pains,” he says, “with which Jackson sought to conceal, even from his most trusted staff officers, his movements, his intentions, and his thoughts, a commander less thorough would have pronounced useless” — etc. etc.¹⁸¹ In the year 88 A.D. as we read in ch. 47 of the <em>Hou Han Shu</em>, “Pan Ch’ao took the field with 25,000 men from Khotan and other Central Asian states with the object of crushing Yarkand. The King of Kutcha replied by dispatching his chief commander to succour the place with an army drawn from the kingdoms of Wên-su, Ku-mo and Wei-t’ou, totalling 50,000 men. Pan Ch’ao summoned his officers and also the King of Khotan to a council of war, and said: ‘Our forces are now outnumbered and unable to make head against the enemy. The best plan, then, is for us to separate and disperse, each in a different direction. The King of Khotan will march away by the easterly route, and I will then return myself towards the west. Let us wait until the evening drum has sounded and then start.’ Pan Ch’ao now secretly released the prisoners whom he had taken alive, and the King of Kutcha was thus informed of his plans. Much elated by the news, the latter set off at once at the head of 10,000 horsemen to bar Pan Ch’ao’s retreat in the west, while the King of Wên-su rode eastwards with 8000 horse in order to intercept the King of Khotan. As soon as Pan Ch’ao knew that the two chieftains had gone, he called his divisions together, got them well in hand, and at cock-crow hurled them against the army of Yarkand, as it lay encamped. The barbarians, panic-stricken, fled in confusion, and were closely pursued by Pan Ch’ao. Over 5000 heads were brought back as trophies, besides immense spoils in the shape of horses and cattle and valuables of every description. Yarkand then capitulating, Kutcha and the other kingdoms drew off their respective forces. From that time forward, Pan Ch’ao’s prestige completely overawed the countries of the west.” In this case, we see that the Chinese general not only kept his own officers in ignorance of his real plans, but actually took the bold step of dividing his army in order to deceive the enemy."},{"ref":"21.37","t":"易其事革其謀使人無識易其居迂其途使人不得慮"},{"ref":"21.37a","t":"By altering his arrangements and changing his plans,"},{"ref":"21.37b","t":"Wang Hsi thinks that this means, not using the same stratagem twice. He says: 已行之事已施之謀當革易之不可再之."},{"ref":"21.37c","t":"he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge."},{"ref":"21.37d","t":"Note that 人 denotes the <em>enemy</em>, as opposed to the 士卒 of § 36. Capt. Calthrop, not perceiving this, joins the two paragraphs into one. Chang Yü quotes 太白山人 as saying: 兵貴詭道者非止詭敵也抑詭我士卒使由而不使知之也 “The axiom, that war is based on deception, does not apply only to deception of the enemy. You must deceive even your own soldiers. Make them follow you, but without letting them know why.”"},{"ref":"21.37e","t":"By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose."},{"ref":"21.37f","t":"Wang Hsi paraphrases 易其居 as 處易者 “camp on easy ground,” and Chang Yü follows him, saying: 其居則去險而就易. But this is an utterly untenable view. For 迂其途, cf. VII. 4. Chia Lin, retaining his old interpretation of those words, is now obliged to explain 易其居 as “cause the enemy to shift his camp,” which is awkward in the extreme."},{"ref":"21.38","t":"帥與之期如登高而去其梯帥與之深入諸侯之地而發其機"},{"ref":"21.38a","t":"At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him."},{"ref":"21.38b","t":"I must candidly confess that I do not understand the syntax of 帥與之期, though the meaning is fairly plain. The difficulty has evidently been felt, for Tu Mu tells us that one text omits 期如. It is more likely, however, that a couple of characters have dropped out."},{"ref":"21.38c","t":"He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand."},{"ref":"21.38d","t":"發其機, literally, “releases the spring” (see V. § 15), that is, takes some decisive step which makes it impossible for the army to return — like 項羽 Hsiang Yü, who sunk his ships after crossing a river. Ch’ên Hao, followed by Chia Lin, understands the words less well as 發其心機 “puts forth every artifice at his command.” But 機 in this derived sense occurs nowhere else in Sun Tzŭ."},{"ref":"21.39","t":"焚舟破釜若驅羣羊而往驅而來莫知所之"},{"ref":"21.39a","t":"He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots;"},{"ref":"21.39b","t":"Omitted in the <em>T’u Shu</em>."},{"ref":"21.39c","t":"like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and none knows whither he is going."},{"ref":"21.39d","t":"The <em>T’u Shu</em> inserts another 驅 after 羊. Tu Mu says: 三軍但知進退之命不知攻取之端也 “The army is only cognisant of orders to advance or retreat; it is ignorant of the ulterior ends of attacking and conquering.”"},{"ref":"21.40","t":"聚三軍之衆投之於險此謂將軍之事也"},{"ref":"21.40a","t":"To muster his host and bring it into danger: — this may be termed the business of the general."},{"ref":"21.40b","t":"Sun Tzŭ means that after mobilisation there should be no delay in aiming a blow at the enemy’s heart. With 投之於險 cf. <em>supra</em>, § 23: 投之無所往. Note how he returns again and again to this point. Among the warring states of ancient China, desertion was no doubt a much more present fear and serious evil than it is in the armies of to-day."},{"ref":"21.41","t":"九地之變屈伸之利人情之理不可不察也"},{"ref":"21.41a","t":"The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground;"},{"ref":"21.41b","t":"Chang Yü says: 九地之法不可拘泥 “One must not be hide-bound in interpreting the rules for the nine varieties of ground."},{"ref":"21.41c","t":"the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics;"},{"ref":"21.41d","t":"The use of 屈伸 “contraction and expansion” may be illustrated by the saying 屈以求伸, which almost exactly corresponds to the French “il faut reculer pour mieux sauter.”¹⁸² Capt. Calthrop, <em>more suo</em>, avoids a real translation and has: “the suiting of the means to the occasion.”"},{"ref":"21.41e","t":"and the fundamental laws of human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied."},{"ref":"21.42","t":"凡爲客之道深則專淺則散"},{"ref":"21.42a","t":"When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion."},{"ref":"21.42b","t":"Cf. <em>supra</em>, § 20."},{"ref":"21.43","t":"去國越境而師者絶地也四達者衢地也"},{"ref":"21.43a","t":"When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighbouring territory,"},{"ref":"21.43b","t":"Chang Yü’s paraphrase is 而用師者."},{"ref":"21.43c","t":"you find yourself on critical ground."},{"ref":"21.43d","t":"This “ground” is cursorily mentioned in VIII. § 2, but it does not figure among the Nine 地 of this chapter or the Six 地形 in chap. X. One’s first impulse would be to translate it “distant ground” (絶域 is commonly used in the sense of “distant lands”), but this, if we can trust the commentators, is precisely what is not meant here. Mei Yao-ch’ên says it is 進不及輕退不及散在二地之間也 “a position not far enough advanced to be called ‘facile,’ and not near enough to home to be called ‘dispersive,’ but something between the two.” That, of course, does not explain the name 絶, which seems to imply that the general has severed his communications and temporarily cut himself off from his base. Thus, Wang Hsi says: “It is ground separated from home by an interjacent state, whose territory we have had to cross in order to reach it. Hence it is incumbent on us to settle our business there quickly.” He adds that this position is of rare occurrence, which is the reason why it is not included among the 九地. Capt. Calthrop gives but a poor rendering of this sentence: “To leave home and cross the borders is to be free from interference.”"},{"ref":"21.43e","t":"When there are means of communication"},{"ref":"21.43f","t":"The <em>T’u Shu</em> reads 通 for 達."},{"ref":"21.43g","t":"on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways."},{"ref":"21.43h","t":"From 四達 down to the end of § 45, we have some of the definitions of the early part of the chapter repeated in slightly different language. Capt. Calthrop omits these altogether."},{"ref":"21.44","t":"入深者重地也入淺者輕地也"},{"ref":"21.44a","t":"When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground."},{"ref":"21.45","t":"背固前隘者圍地也無所往者死地也"},{"ref":"21.45a","t":"When you have the enemy’s strongholds on your rear,"},{"ref":"21.45b","t":"固 = 險固."},{"ref":"21.45c","t":"and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground."},{"ref":"21.46","t":"是故散地吾將一其志輕地吾將使之屬"},{"ref":"21.46a","t":"Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose."},{"ref":"21.46b","t":"This end, according to Tu Mu, is best attained by remaining on the defensive, and avoiding battle. Cf. <em>supra</em>, § 11."},{"ref":"21.46c","t":"On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army."},{"ref":"21.46d","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> has 其 instead of 之. The present reading is supported by the 遺說 of Chêng Yu-hsien. As Tu Mu says, the object is to guard against two possible contingencies: 一者備其逃逸二者恐其敵至 “(1) the desertion of our own troops; (2) a sudden attack on the part of the enemy.” Cf. VII. § 17: 其徐如林. Mei Yao-ch’ên says: 行則隊校相繼止則營壘聯屬 “On the march, the regiments should be in close touch; in an encampment, there should be continuity between the fortifications.” He seems to have forgotten, by the way, what Sun Tzŭ says above: 輕地則無止."},{"ref":"21.47","t":"爭地吾將趨其後"},{"ref":"21.47a","t":"On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear."},{"ref":"21.47b","t":"This is Ts’ao Kung’s interpretation. Chang Yü adopts it, saying: 當疾進其後使首尾俱至 “We must quickly bring up our rear, so that head and tail may both reach the goal.” That is, they must not be allowed to straggle up a long way apart. Mei Yao-ch’ên offers another equally plausible explanation: 敵未至其地我若在後則當疾趨以爭之 “Supposing the enemy has not yet reached the coveted position, and we are behind him, we should advance with all speed in order to dispute its possession.” 其 would thus denote the enemy, 後 being the preposition, and 趨 would retain its usual intransitive sense. Cf. VII. § 4: 後人發先人至. Ch’ên Hao, on the other hand, assuming that the enemy has had time to select his own ground, quotes VI. § 1, where Sun Tzŭ warns us against coming exhausted to the attack. His own idea of the situation is rather vaguely expressed: 若地利在前先分精銳以據之彼若恃衆來爭我以大衆趨其後無不尅者 “If there is a favourable position lying in front of you, detach a picked body of troops to occupy it; then if the enemy, relying on their numbers, come up to make a fight for it, <em>you may fall quickly on their rear</em> with your main body, and victory will be assured.” It was thus, he adds, that Chao Shê beat the army of Ch’in. [See p. 57.] Li Ch’üan would read 多 for 趨, it is not easy to see why."},{"ref":"21.48","t":"交地吾將謹其守衢地吾將固其結"},{"ref":"21.48a","t":"On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defences."},{"ref":"21.48b","t":"As Wang Hsi says, 懼襲我也 “fearing a surprise attack.” The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads here 固其結 (see next sentence)."},{"ref":"21.48c","t":"On ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances."},{"ref":"21.48d","t":"The <em>T’ung Tien</em> reads 謹其市, which Tu Yu explains as “watching the market towns,” 變事之端 “the hotbeds of revolution.” Capt. Calthrop translates 固其結 by the same words as 合交 in § 12: “cultivate intercourse.”"},{"ref":"21.49","t":"重地吾將繼其食圮地吾將進其塗"},{"ref":"21.49a","t":"On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies."},{"ref":"21.49b","t":"The commentators take this as referring to forage and plunder, not, as one might expect, to an unbroken communication with a home base. One text, indeed, gives the reading 掠其食. Cf. § 13. Capt. Calthrop’s “be careful of supplies” fails to render the force of 繼."},{"ref":"21.49c","t":"On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road."},{"ref":"21.49d","t":"Capt. Calthrop’s “do not linger” cannot be called a translation, but only a paraphrase of the paraphrase offered by Ts’ao Kung: 疾過去也 “Pass away from it in all haste.”"},{"ref":"21.50","t":"圍地吾將塞其闕死地吾將示之以不活"},{"ref":"21.50a","t":"On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat."},{"ref":"21.50b","t":"意欲突圍示以守固 “To make it seem that I mean to defend the position, whereas my real intention is to burst suddenly through the enemy’s lines” [Mêng Shih]; 使士卒必死戰也 “in order to make my soldiers fight with desperation” [Mei Yao-ch’ên]; 懼人有走心 “fearing lest my men be tempted to run away” [Wang Hsi]. Tu Mu points out that this is the converse of VII. § 36, where it is the enemy who is surrounded. In 532 A.D. 高歡 Kao Huan, afterwards Emperor and canonised as 神武 Shên-wu, was surrounded by a great army under 爾朱兆 Êrh-chu Chao and others. His own force was comparatively small, consisting only of 2000 horse and something under 30,000 foot. The lines of investment had not been drawn very closely together, gaps being left at certain points. But Kao Huan, instead of trying to escape, actually made a shift to block all the remaining outlets himself by driving into them a number of oxen and donkeys roped together. As soon as his officers and men saw that there was nothing for it but to conquer or die, their spirits rose to an extraordinary pitch of exaltation, and they charged with such desperate ferocity that the opposing ranks broke and crumbled under their onslaught. [See Tu Mu’s commentary, and 北齊書 ch. 1, fol. 6.]"},{"ref":"21.50c","t":"On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives."},{"ref":"21.50d","t":"Tu Yu says: 焚輜重棄糧食塞井夷竈示之無活必殊死戰也 “Burn your baggage and impedimenta, throw away your stores and provisions, choke up the wells, destroy your cooking-stoves, and make it plain to your men that they cannot survive, but must fight to the death.” Mei Yao-ch’ên says epigrammatically: 必死可生 “The only chance of life lies in giving up all hope of it.” This concludes what Sun Tzŭ has to say about “grounds” and the “variations” corresponding to them. Reviewing the passages which bear on this important subject, we cannot fail to be struck by the desultory and unmethodical fashion in which it is treated. Sun Tzŭ begins abruptly in VIII. § 2 to enumerate “variations” before touching on “grounds” at all, but only mentions five, namely nos. 7, 5, 8 and 9 of the subsequent list, and one that is not included in it. A few varieties of ground are dealt with in the earlier portion of chap. IX, and then chap. X sets forth six new grounds, with six variations of plan to match. None of these is mentioned again, though the first is hardly to be distinguished from ground no. 4 in the next chapter. At last, in chap. XI, we come to the Nine Grounds <em>par excellence</em>, immediately followed by the variations. This takes us down to § 14. In §§ 43–45, fresh definitions are provided for nos. 5, 6, 2, 8 and 9 (in the order given), as well as for the tenth ground noticed in chap VIII; and finally, the nine variations are enumerated once more from beginning to end, all, with the exception of 5, 6 and 7, being different from those previously given. Though it is impossible to account for the present state of Sun Tzŭ’s text, a few suggestive facts may be brought into prominence: (1) Chap. VIII, according to the title, should deal with nine variations, whereas only five appear. (2) It is an abnormally short chapter. (3) Chap. XI is entitled The Nine Grounds. Several these are defined twice over, besides which there are two distinct lists of the corresponding variations. (4) The length of the chapter is disproportionate, being double that of any other except IX. I do not propose to draw any inferences from these facts, beyond the general conclusion that Sun Tzŭ’s work cannot have come down to us in the shape in which it left his hands: chap. VIII is obviously defective and probably out of place, while XI seems to contain matter that has either been added by a later hand or ought to appear elsewhere."},{"ref":"21.51","t":"故兵之情圍則禦不得已則鬥過則從"},{"ref":"21.51a","t":"For it is the soldier’s disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger."},{"ref":"21.51b","t":"過則從 is rendered by Capt. Calthrop: “to pursue the enemy if he retreat.” But 過 cannot mean “to retreat.” Its primary sense is to pass over, hence to go too far, to exceed or to err. Here, however, the word has lost all implication of censure, and appears to mean “to pass the boundary line dividing safety from danger,” or, as Chang Yü puts it, 深陷于危難之地 “to be deeply involved in a perilous position.” The latter commentator alludes to the conduct of Pan Ch’ao’s devoted followers in 73 A.D. The story runs thus in the <em>Hou Han Shu</em>, ch. 47, fol. 1 <em>v</em>o: “When Pan Ch’ao arrived at 鄯善 Shan-shan, 廣 Kuang, the King of the country, received him at first with great politeness and respect; but shortly afterwards his behaviour underwent a sudden change, and he became remiss and negligent. Pan Ch’ao spoke about this to the officers of his suite: ‘Have you not noticed,’ he said, ‘that Kuang’s polite intentions are on the wane? This must signify that envoys have come from the Northern barbarians, and that consequently he is in a state of indecision, not knowing with which side to throw in his lot. That surely is the reason. The truly wise man, we are told, can perceive things before they have come to pass; how much more, then, those that are already manifest!’ Thereupon he called one of the natives who had been assigned to his service, and set a trap for him, saying: ‘Where are those envoys from the Hsiung-nu who arrived some days ago?’ The man was so taken aback that between surprise and fear he presently blurted out the whole truth. Pan Ch’ao, keeping his informant carefully under lock and key, then summoned a general gathering of his officers, thirty-six in all, and began drinking with them. When the wine had mounted into their heads a little, he tried to rouse their spirit still further by addressing them thus: ‘Gentlemen, here we are in the heart of an isolated region, anxious to achieve riches and honour by some great exploit. Now it happens that an ambassador from the Hsiung-nu arrived in this kingdom only a few days ago, and the result is that the respectful courtesy extended towards us by our royal host has disappeared. Should this envoy prevail upon him to seize our party and hand us over to the Hsiung-nu, our bones will become food for the wolves of the desert. What are we to do?’ With one accord, the officers replied: ‘<em>Standing as we do in peril of our lives, we will follow our commander through life and death</em>’ (今在危亡之地死生從司馬).” For the sequel of this adventure, see chap. XII. § 1, note."},{"ref":"21.52","t":"是故不知諸侯之謀者不能預交不知山林險阻沮澤之形者不能行軍不用鄉導者不能得地利"},{"ref":"21.52a","t":"We cannot enter into alliance with neighbouring princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country — its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides."},{"ref":"21.52b","t":"These three sentences are repeated from VII. §§ 12–14 — in order to emphasise their importance, the commentators seem to think. I prefer to regard them as interpolated here in order to form an antecedent to the following words. With regard to local guides, Sun Tzŭ might have added that there is always the risk of going wrong, either through their treachery or some misunderstanding such as Livy records (XXII. 13): Hannibal, we are told, ordered a guide to lead him into the neighbourhood of Casinum, where there was an important pass to be occupied; but his Carthaginian accent, unsuited to the pronunciation of Latin names, caused the guide to understand Casilinum instead of Casinum, and turning from his proper route, he took the army in that direction, the mistake not being discovered until they had almost arrived."},{"ref":"21.53","t":"四五者不知一非霸王之兵也"},{"ref":"21.53a","t":"To be ignorant of any one of the following four or five principles"},{"ref":"21.53b","t":"Referring, I think, to what is contained in §§ 54, 55. Ts’ao Kung, thinking perhaps of the 五利 in VIII. § 6, takes them to be 九地之利害 “the advantages and disadvantages attendant on the nine varieties of ground.” The <em>T’u Shu</em> reads 此五者."},{"ref":"21.53c","t":"does not befit a warlike prince."},{"ref":"21.53d","t":"霸王, “one who rules by force,” was a term specially used for those princes who established their hegemony over other feudal states. The famous 五霸 of the 7th century B.C. were (1) 齊桓公 Duke Huan of Ch’i, (2) 晉文公 Duke Wên of Chin, (3) 宋襄公 Duke Hsiang of Sung, (4) 楚莊王 Prince Chuang of Ch’u, (5) 秦穆公 Duke Mu of Ch’in. Their reigns covered the period 685–591 B.C."},{"ref":"21.54","t":"夫霸王之兵伐大國則其衆不得聚威加於敵則其交不得合"},{"ref":"21.54a","t":"When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy’s forces. He overawes his opponents,"},{"ref":"21.54b","t":"Here and in the next sentence, the <em>Yü Lan</em> inserts 家 after 敵."},{"ref":"21.54c","t":"and their allies are prevented from joining against him."},{"ref":"21.54d","t":"Mei Yao-ch’ên constructs one of the chains of reasoning that are so much affected by the Chinese: “In attacking a powerful state, if you can divide her forces, you will have a superiority in strength; if you have a superiority in strength, you will overawe the enemy; if you overawe the enemy, the neighbouring states will be frightened; and if the neighbouring states are frightened, the enemy’s allies will be prevented from joining her.” The following gives a stronger meaning to 威加: 若大國一敗則小國離而不聚矣 “If the great state has once been defeated (before she has had time to summon her allies), then the lesser states will hold aloof and refrain from massing their forces.” Ch’ên Hao and Chang Yü take the sentence in quite another way. The former says: “Powerful though a prince may be, if he attacks a large state, he will be unable to raise enough troops, and must rely to some extent on external aid; if he dispenses with this, and with overweening confidence in his own strength, simply tries to intimidate the enemy, he will surely be defeated.” Chang Yü puts his view thus: “If we recklessly attack a large state, our own people will be discontented and hang back. But if (as will then be the case) our display of military force is inferior by half to that of the enemy, the other chieftains will take fright and refuse to join us.” According to this interpretation, 其 would refer, not to the 大國, but to the 霸王 himself."},{"ref":"21.55","t":"是故不爭天下之交不養天下之權信己之私威加於敵故其城可拔其國可隳"},{"ref":"21.55a","t":"Hence he does not strive"},{"ref":"21.55b","t":"For 爭 the <em>Yü Lan</em> reads 事."},{"ref":"21.55c","t":"to ally himself with all and sundry,"},{"ref":"21.55d","t":"天下, as in § 6, stands for 諸侯 “the feudal princes,” or the states ruled by them."},{"ref":"21.55e","t":"nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs,"},{"ref":"21.55f","t":"For 信 (read <em>shên</em>1) in the meaning of 伸, cf. VIII. § 8. The commentators are unanimous on this point, and we must therefore beware of translating 信己之私 by “secretly self-confident” or the like. Capt. Calthrop (omitting 之私) has: “he has confidence in himself.”"},{"ref":"21.55g","t":"keeping his antagonists in awe."},{"ref":"21.55h","t":"The train of thought appears to be this: Secure against a combination of his enemies, 能絶天下之交惟得伸己之私志威而無外交者 “he can afford to reject entangling alliances and simply pursue his own secret designs, his prestige enabling him to dispense with external friendships.” (Li Ch’üan.)"},{"ref":"21.55i","t":"Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms."},{"ref":"21.55j","t":"This paragraph, though written many years before the Ch’in State became a serious menace, is not a bad summary of the policy by which the famous Six Chancellors gradually paved the way for her final triumph under Shih Huang Ti. Chang Yü, following up his previous note, thinks that Sun Tzŭ is condemning this attitude of cold-blooded selfishness and haughty isolation. He again refers 其 to the warlike prince, thus making it appear that in the end he is bound to succumb."},{"ref":"21.56","t":"施無法之賞懸無政之令犯三軍之衆若使一人"},{"ref":"21.56a","t":"Bestow rewards without regard to rule,"},{"ref":"21.56b","t":"Wu Tzŭ (ch. 3) less wisely says: 進有重賞退有重刑 “Let advance be richly rewarded and retreat be heavily punished.”"},{"ref":"21.56c","t":"issue orders"},{"ref":"21.56d","t":"懸, literally, “hang” or “post up.”"},{"ref":"21.56e","t":"without regard to previous arrangements;"},{"ref":"21.56f","t":"杜姦媮 “In order to prevent treachery,” says Wang Hsi. The general meaning is made clear by Ts’ao Kung’s quotation from the <em>Ssŭ-ma Fa:</em> 見敵作誓瞻功作賞 “Give instructions only on sighting the enemy; give rewards only when you see deserving deeds.” 無政, however, presents some difficulty. Ts’ao Kung’s paraphrase, 軍法令不應預施懸也, I take to mean: “The final instructions you give to your army should not correspond with those that have been previously posted up.” Chang Yü simplifies this into 政不預告 “your arrangements should not be divulged beforehand.” And Chia Lin says: 不守常法常政 “there should be no fixity in your rules and arrangements.” Not only is there danger in letting your plans be known, but war often necessitates the entire reversal of them at the last moment."},{"ref":"21.56g","t":"and you will be able to handle a whole army"},{"ref":"21.56h","t":"犯, according to Ts’ao Kung, is here equal to 用. The exact meaning is brought out more clearly in the next paragraph."},{"ref":"21.56i","t":"as though you had to do with but a single man."},{"ref":"21.56j","t":"Cf. supra, § 34."},{"ref":"21.57","t":"犯之以事勿告以言犯之以利勿告以害"},{"ref":"21.57a","t":"Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your design."},{"ref":"21.57b","t":"Literally, “do not tell them words;” <em>i.e.</em> do not give your reasons for any order. Lord Mansfield once told a junior colleague to “give no reasons” for his decisions, and the maxim is even more applicable to a general than to a judge. Capt. Calthrop translates this sentence with beautiful simplicity: “Orders should direct the soldiers.” That is all."},{"ref":"21.57c","t":"When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy."},{"ref":"21.58","t":"投之亡地然後存陷之死地然後生"},{"ref":"21.58a","t":"Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety."},{"ref":"21.58b","t":"Compare the paradoxical saying 亡者存之基死者生之本. These words of Sun Tzŭ were once quoted by Han Hsin in explanation of the tactics he employed in one of his most brilliant battles, already alluded to on p. 28, In 204 B.C. he was sent against the army of Chao, and halted ten miles from the mouth of the 井陘 Ching-hsing pass, where the enemy had mustered in full force. Here, at midnight, he detached a body of 2000 light cavalry, every man of which was furnished with a red flag. Their instructions were to make their way through narrow defiles and keep a secret watch on the enemy. “When the men of Chao see me in full flight,” Han Hsin said, “they will abandon their fortifications and give chase. This must be the sign for you to rush in, pluck down the Chao standards and set up the red banners of 漢 Han in their stead.” Turning then to his other officers, he remarked: “Our adversary holds a strong position, and is not likely to come out and attack us until he sees the standard and drums of the commander-in-chief, for fear I should turn back and escape through the mountains.” So saying, he first of all sent out a division consisting of 10,000 men, and ordered them to form in line of battle with their backs to the River 泜 Ti. Seeing this manœuvre, the whole army of Chao broke into loud laughter. By this time it was broad daylight, and Han Hsin, displaying the generalissimo’s flag, marched out of the pass with drums beating, and was immediately engaged by the enemy. A great battle followed, lasting for some time; until at length Han Hsin and his colleague 張耳 Chang Ni, leaving drums and banner on the field, fled to the division on the river bank, where another fierce battle was raging. The enemy rushed out to pursue them and to secure the trophies, thus denuding their ramparts of men; but the two generals succeeded in joining the other army, which was fighting with the utmost desperation. The time had now come for the 2000 horsemen to play their part. As soon as they saw the men of Chao following up their advantage, they galloped behind the deserted walls, tore up the enemy’s flags and replaced them by those of Han. When the Chao army turned back from the pursuit, the sight of these red flags struck them with terror. Convinced that the Hans had got in and overpowered their king, they broke up in wild disorder, every effort of their leader to stay the panic being in vain. Then the Han army fell on them from both sides and completed the rout, killing a great number and capturing the rest, amongst whom was King 歇 Ya himself.... After the battle, some of Han Hsin’s officers came to him and said: “In the <em>Art of War</em> we are told to have a hill or tumulus on the right rear, and a river or marsh on the left front. [This appears to be a blend of Sun Tzŭ and T’ai Kung. See IX. § 9, and note.] You, on the contrary, ordered us to draw up our troops with the river at our back. Under these conditions, how did you manage to gain the victory?” The general replied: “I fear you gentlemen have not studied the Art of War with sufficient care. Is it not written there: ‘<em>Plunge your army into desperate straits and it will come off in safety; place it in deadly peril and it will survive</em>’? Had I taken the usual course, I should never have been able to bring my colleagues round. What says the Military Classic (經)?— ‘Swoop down on the market-place and drive the men off to fight’ (毆市人而戰之). [This passage does not occur in the present text of Sun Tzŭ.] If I had not placed my troops in a position where they were obliged to fight for their lives, but had allowed each man to follow his own discretion, there would have been a general <em>débandade</em>, and it would have been impossible to do anything with them.” The officers admitted the force of his argument, and said: “These are higher tactics than we should have been capable of.” [See <em>Ch’ien Han Shu</em>, ch. 34, ff. 4, 5.]"},{"ref":"21.59","t":"夫衆陷於害然後能爲勝敗"},{"ref":"21.59a","t":"For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm’s way that it is capable of striking a blow for victory."},{"ref":"21.59b","t":"Danger has a bracing effect."},{"ref":"21.60","t":"故爲兵之事在於順詳敵之意"},{"ref":"21.60a","t":"Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy’s purpose."},{"ref":"21.60b","t":"Ts’ao Kung says: 佯愚也 “Feign stupidity” — by an appearance of yielding and falling in with the enemy’s wishes. Chang Yü’s note makes the meaning clear: “If the enemy shows an inclination to advance, lure him on to do so; if he is anxious to retreat, delay on purpose that he may carry out his intention.” The object is to make him remiss and contemptuous before we deliver our attack."},{"ref":"21.61","t":"并敵一向千里殺將"},{"ref":"21.61a","t":"By persistently hanging on the enemy’s flank,"},{"ref":"21.61b","t":"I understand the first four words to mean “accompanying the enemy in one direction.” Ts’ao Kung says: 幷兵向敵 “unite the soldiers and make for the enemy.” But such a violent displacement of characters is quite indefensible. Mei Yao-ch’ên is the only commentator who seems to have grasped the meaning: 隨敵一向然後發伏出奇. The <em>T’u Shu</em> reads 并力."},{"ref":"21.61c","t":"we shall succeed in the long run"},{"ref":"21.61d","t":"Literally, “after a thousand <em>li</em>.”"},{"ref":"21.61e","t":"in killing the commander-in-chief."},{"ref":"21.61f","t":"Always a great point with the Chinese."},{"ref":"21.62","t":"此謂巧能成事者也"},{"ref":"21.62a","t":"This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning."},{"ref":"21.62b","t":"The <em>T’u Shu</em> has 是謂巧於成事, and yet another reading, mentioned by Ts’ao Kung, is 巧攻成事. Capt. Calthrop omits this sentence, after having thus translated the two preceding: “Discover the enemy’s intentions by conforming to his movements. When these are discovered, then, with one stroke, the general may be killed, even though he be one hundred leagues distant.”"},{"ref":"21.63","t":"是故政舉之日夷關折符無通其使"},{"ref":"21.63a","t":"On the day that you take up your command,"},{"ref":"21.63b","t":"政舉 does not mean “when war is declared,” as Capt. Calthrop says, nor yet exactly, as Ts’ao Kung paraphrases it, 謀定 “when your plans are fixed,” when you have mapped out your campaign. The phrase is not given in the <em>P’ei Wên Yün Fu</em>. There being no causal connection discoverable between this and the preceding sentence, 是故 must perforce be left untranslated."},{"ref":"21.63c","t":"block the frontier passes,"},{"ref":"21.63d","t":"夷 is explained by Mei Yao-ch’ên as 滅塞."},{"ref":"21.63e","t":"destroy the official tallies,"},{"ref":"21.63f","t":"The <em>locus classicus</em> for these tallies is <em>Chou Li</em>, XIV. fol. 40 (Imperial edition): 門關用符節貨賄用璽節道路用旌節. The generic term thus appears to be 節, 符 being the special kind used at city-gates and on the frontier. They were tablets of bamboo or wood, one half of which was issued as a permit or passport by the official in charge of a gate (司門 or 司關. Cf. the 封人 “border-warden” of <em>Lun Yü</em> III. 24, who may have had similar duties.) When this half was returned to him, within a fixed period, he was authorised to open the gate and let the traveller through."},{"ref":"21.63g","t":"and stop the passage of all emissaries."},{"ref":"21.63h","t":"Either to or from the enemy’s country."},{"ref":"21.64","t":"厲於廊廟之上以誅其事"},{"ref":"21.64a","t":"Be stern in the council-chamber,"},{"ref":"21.64b","t":"Show no weakness, and insist on your plans being ratified by the sovereign. 廊廟 indicates a hall or temple in the Palace. Cf. I. § 26. It is not clear if other officers would be present. Hardly anything can be made of 勵, the reading of the standard text, so I have adopted Tu Mu’s conjecture 厲, which appears in the <em>T’u Shu</em>."},{"ref":"21.64c","t":"so that you may control the situation."},{"ref":"21.64d","t":"Ts’ao Kung explains 誅 by 治, and Ho Shih by 責成. Another reading is 謀, and Mei Yao-ch’ên, adopting this, understands the whole sentence to mean: Take the strictest precautions to ensure secrecy in your deliberations. Capt. Calthrop glides rather too smoothly over the rough places. His translation is: “conduct the business of the government with vigilance.”"},{"ref":"21.65","t":"敵人開闔必亟入之"},{"ref":"21.65a","t":"If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in."},{"ref":"21.65b","t":"This looks a very simple sentence, yet Ts’ao Kung is the only commentator who takes it as I have done. Mêng Shih, followed by Mei Yao-ch’ên and Chang Yü, defines 開闔 as 間者 “spies,” and makes 入 an active verb: “If spies come from the enemy, we must quickly let them in.” But I cannot find that the words 開闔 have this meaning anywhere else. On the other hand, they may be taken as two verbs, 或開或闔, expressing the enemy’s indecision whether to advance or retreat, that being the best moment to attack him. [Cf. <em>Tao Tê Ching</em>, chap. X: 天門開闔能爲雌乎; also <em>Li Chi</em>, 曲禮, I. ii. 25.] It is not easy to choose between this and Ts’ao Kung’s explanation; the fact that 敵人開戶 occurs shortly afterwards, in § 68, might be adduced in support of either. 必 must be understood in the sense of 宜 or 當. The only way to avoid this is to put 開闔 between commas and translate: “If we leave a door open, the enemy is sure to rush in.”"},{"ref":"21.66","t":"先其所愛微與之期"},{"ref":"21.66a","t":"Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear,"},{"ref":"21.66b","t":"Cf. <em>supra</em>, § 18."},{"ref":"21.66c","t":"and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground."},{"ref":"21.66d","t":"Capt. Calthrop hardly attempts to translate this difficult paragraph, but invents the following instead: “Discover what he most values, and plan to seize it.” Ch’ên Hao’s explanation, however, is clear enough: 我若先奪便地而敵不至雖有其利亦奚用之是以欲取其愛惜之處必先微與敵人相期誤之使必至 “If I manage to seize a favourable position, but the enemy does not appear on the scene, the advantage thus obtained cannot be turned to any practical account. He who intends, therefore, to occupy a position of importance to the enemy, must begin by making an artful appointment, so to speak, with his antagonist, and cajole him into going there as well.” Mei Yao-ch’ên explains that this “artful appointment” is to be made through the medium of the enemy’s own spies, who will carry back just the amount of information that we choose to give them. Then, having cunningly disclosed our intentions, 我後人發先人至 “we must manage, though starting after the enemy, to arrive before him” (VII. § 4). We must start after him in order to ensure his marching thither; we must arrive before him in order to capture the place without trouble. Taken thus, the present passage lends some support to Mei Yao-ch’ên’s interpretation of § 47."},{"ref":"21.67","t":"踐墨隨敵以決戰事"},{"ref":"21.67a","t":"Walk in the path defined by rule,"},{"ref":"21.67b","t":"墨 stands for 繩墨 “a marking-line,” hence a rule of conduct. See Mencius VII. 1. xli. 2. Ts’ao Kung explains it by the similar metaphor 規矩 “square and compasses.” The baldness of the sentiment rather inclines me to favour the reading 剗 adopted by Chia Lin in place of 踐, which yields an exactly opposite sense, namely: “Discard hard and fast rules.” Chia Lin says: 惟勝是利不可守以繩墨而爲 “Victory is the only thing that matters, and this cannot be achieved by adhering to conventional canons.” It is unfortunate that this variant rests on very slight authority, for the sense yielded is certainly much more satisfactory. Napoleon, as we know, according to the veterans of the old school whom he defeated, won his battles by violating every accepted canon of warfare."},{"ref":"21.67c","t":"and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle."},{"ref":"21.67d","t":"The last four words of the Chinese are omitted by Capt. Calthrop. Tu Mu says: 隨敵人之形若有可乘之勢則出而決戰 “Conform to the enemy’s tactics until a favourable opportunity offers; then come forth and engage in a battle that shall prove decisive.”"},{"ref":"21.68","t":"是故始如處女敵人開戶後如脫兎敵不及拒"},{"ref":"21.68a","t":"At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you."},{"ref":"21.68b","t":"As the hare is noted for its extreme timidity, the comparison hardly appears felicitous. But of course Sun Tzŭ was thinking only of its speed. The words have been taken to mean: You must flee from the enemy as quickly as an escaping hare; but this is rightly rejected by Tu Mu. Capt. Calthrop is wrong in translating 兎 “rabbit.” Rabbits are not indigenous to China, and were certainly not known there in the 6th century B.C. The last sixteen characters evidently form a sort of four-line jingle. Chap. X, it may be remembered, closed in similar fashion."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE."},{"ref":"22.1","t":"火攻篇"},{"ref":"22.2","t":"RATHER MORE THAN half the chapter (§§ 1–13) is devoted to the subject of fire, after which the author branches off into other topics."},{"ref":"22.1a","t":"孫子曰凡火攻有五一曰火人二曰火積三曰火輜四曰火庫五曰火隊"},{"ref":"22.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp;"},{"ref":"22.1b","t":"So Tu Mu. Li Ch’üan says: 焚其營殺其士卒也 “Set fire to the camp, and kill the soldiers” (when they try to escape from the flames). Pan Ch’ao, sent on a diplomatic mission to the King of Shan-shan [see XI. § 51, note], found himself placed in extreme peril by the unexpected arrival of an envoy from the Hsiung-nu [the mortal enemies of the Chinese]. In consultation with his officers, he exclaimed: “‘Never venture, never win!¹⁸³ The only course open to us now is to make an assault by fire on the barbarians under cover of night, when they will not be able to discern our numbers. Profiting by their panic, we shall exterminate them completely; this will cool the King’s courage and cover us with glory, besides ensuring the success of our mission.’ The officers all replied that it would be necessary to discuss the matter first with the Intendant (從事). Pan Ch’ao then fell into a passion: ‘It is to-day,’ he cried, ‘that our fortunes must be decided! The Intendant is only a humdrum civilian, who on hearing of our project will certainly be afraid, and everything will be brought to light. An inglorious death is no worthy fate for valiant warriors.’ All then agreed to do as he wished. Accordingly, as soon as night came on, he and his little band quickly made their way to the barbarian camp. A strong gale was blowing at the time. Pan Ch’ao ordered ten of the party to take drums and hide behind the enemy’s barracks, it being arranged that when they saw flames shoot up, they should begin drumming and yelling with all their might. The rest of his men, armed with bows and crossbows, he posted in ambuscade at the gate of the camp. He then set fire to the place from the windward side, whereupon a deafening noise of drums and shouting arose on the front and rear of the Hsiung-nu, who rushed out pell-mell in frantic disorder. Pan Ch’ao slew three of them with his own hand, while his companions cut off the heads of the envoy and thirty of his suite. The remainder, more than a hundred in all, perished in the flames. On the following day, Pan Ch’ao went back and informed 郭恂 Kuo Hsün [the Intendant] of what he had done. The latter was greatly alarmed and turned pale. But Pan Ch’ao, divining his thoughts, said with uplifted hand: ‘Although you did not go with us last night, I should not think, Sir, of taking sole credit for our exploit.’ This satisfied Kuo Hsün, and Pan Ch’ao, having sent for Kuang, King of Shan-shan, showed him the head of the barbarian envoy. The whole kingdom was seized with fear and trembling, which Pan Ch’ao took steps to allay by issuing a public proclamation. Then, taking the king’s son as hostage, he returned to make his report to 竇固 Tou Ku.” [<em>Hou Han Shu</em>, ch. 47, ff. 1, 2.]"},{"ref":"22.1c","t":"the second is to burn stores;"},{"ref":"22.1d","t":"Tu Mu says: 糧食薪芻 “Provisions, fuel and fodder.” In order to subdue the rebellious population of Kiangnan, 高潁 Kao Kêng recommended Wên Ti of the Sui dynasty to make periodical raids and burn their stores of grain, a policy which in the long run proved entirely successful. [隋書, ch. 41, fol. 2.]"},{"ref":"22.1e","t":"the third is to burn baggage-trains;"},{"ref":"22.1f","t":"An example given is the destruction of 袁紹 Yüan Shao’s waggons and impedimenta by Ts’ao Ts’ao in 200 A.D."},{"ref":"22.1g","t":"the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines;"},{"ref":"22.1h","t":"Tu Mu says that the things contained in 輜 and 庫 are the same. He specifies weapons and other implements, bullion and clothing. Cf. VII. § 11."},{"ref":"22.1i","t":"the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy."},{"ref":"22.1j","t":"No fewer than four totally diverse explanations of this sentence are given by the commentators, not one of which is quite satisfactory. It is obvious, at any rate, that the ordinary meaning of 隊 (“regiment” or “company”) is here inadmissible. In spite of Tu Mu’s note, 焚其行伍因亂而擊之, I must regard “company burning” (Capt. Calthrop’s rendering) as nonsense pure and simple. We may also, I think, reject the very forced explanation given by Li Ch’üan, Mei Yao-ch’ên and Chang Yü, of whom the last-named says: 焚其隊仗使兵無戰具 “burning a regiment’s weapons, so that the soldiers may have nothing to fight with.” That leaves only two solutions open: one, favoured by Chia Lin and Ho Shih, is to take 隊 in the somewhat uncommon sense of “a road,” = 隧. The commentary on a passage in the 穆天子傳, quoted in <em>K’ang Hsi</em>, defines 隊 (read <em>sui</em>) as 谷中險阻道 “a difficult road leading through a valley.” Here it would stand for the 糧道 “line of supplies,” which might be effectually interrupted if the country roundabout was laid waste with fire. Finally, the interpretation which I have adopted is that given by Tu Yu in the <em>T’ung Tien</em>. He reads 墜 (which is not absolutely necessary, 隊 <em>chui</em> being sometimes used in the same sense), with the following note: 以火墮敵營中也火墜之法以鐵籠火着箭頭頸强弩射敵營中 “To drop fire into the enemy’s camp. The method by which this may be done is to set the tips of arrows alight by dipping them into a brazier, and then shoot them from powerful crossbows into the enemy’s lines.”"},{"ref":"22.2a","t":"行火必有因煙火必素具"},{"ref":"22.2aa","t":"In order to carry out an attack with fire, we must have means available;"},{"ref":"22.2b","t":"Ts’ao Kung thinks that 姦人 “traitors in the enemy’s camp” are referred to. He thus takes 因 as the efficient cause only. But Ch’ên Hao is more likely to be right in saying: 須得其便不獨姦人 “We must have favourable circumstances in general, not merely traitors to help us.” Chia Lin says: 因風燥 “We must avail ourselves of wind and dry weather.”"},{"ref":"22.2c","t":"The material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness."},{"ref":"22.2d","t":"煙火 is explained by Ts’ao Kung as 燒具 “appliances for making fire.” Tu Mu suggests 艾蒿荻葦薪芻膏油之屬 “dry vegetable matter, reeds, brushwood, straw, grease, oil, etc.” Here we have the material cause. Chang Yü says: 火之器燃火之物 “vessels for hoarding fire, stuff for lighting fires.”"},{"ref":"22.3","t":"發火有時起火有日"},{"ref":"22.3a","t":"There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for starting a conflagration."},{"ref":"22.3b","t":"A fire must not be begun 妄 “recklessly” or 偶然 “at haphazard.”"},{"ref":"22.4","t":"時者天之燥也日者宿在箕壁翼軫也凡此四宿者風起之日也"},{"ref":"22.4a","t":"The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days are those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing or the Cross-bar;"},{"ref":"22.4b","t":"These are, respectively, the 7th, 14th, 27th, and 28th of the 二十八宮 Twenty-eight Stellar Mansions, corresponding roughly to Sagittarius, Pegasus, Crater and Corvus. The original text, followed by the <em>T’u Shu</em>, has 月 in place of 宿; the present reading rests on the authority of the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em>. Tu Mu says: 宿者月之所宿也. For 箕壁, both <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> give the more precise location 戊箕東壁. Mei Yao-ch’ên tells us that by 箕 is meant the tail of the 龍 Dragon; by 壁, the eastern part of that constellation; by 翼 and 軫, the tail of the 鶉 Quail."},{"ref":"22.4c","t":"for these four are all days of rising wind."},{"ref":"22.4d","t":"此四宿者 is elliptical for 月在此四宿之日. 蕭繹 Hsiao I (afterwards fourth Emperor of the Liang dynasty, A.D. 552–555) is quoted by Tu Yu as saying that the days 丙丁 of spring, 戊已 of summer, 壬癸 of autumn, and 甲乙 of winter bring fierce gales of wind and rain."},{"ref":"22.5","t":"凡火攻必因五火之變而應之"},{"ref":"22.5a","t":"In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments:"},{"ref":"22.5b","t":"I take 五 as qualifying 變, not 火, and therefore think that Chang Yü is wrong in referring 五火 to the five methods of attack set forth in § 1. What follows has certainly nothing to do with these."},{"ref":"22.6","t":"火發於內則早應之於外"},{"ref":"22.6a","t":"(1) When fire breaks out inside the enemy’s camp, respond at once"},{"ref":"22.6b","t":"The <em>Yü Lan</em> incorrectly reads 軍 for 早."},{"ref":"22.6c","t":"with an attack from without."},{"ref":"22.7","t":"火發而其兵靜者待而勿攻"},{"ref":"22.7a","t":"(2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy’s soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack."},{"ref":"22.7b","t":"The original text omits 而其. The prime object of attacking with fire is to throw the enemy into confusion. If this effect is not produced, it means that the enemy is ready to receive us. Hence the necessity for caution."},{"ref":"22.8","t":"極其火力可從而從之不可從而止"},{"ref":"22.8a","t":"(3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are."},{"ref":"22.8b","t":"Ts’ao Kung says: 見可而進知難而退 “If you see a possible way, advance; but if you find the difficulties too great, retire.”"},{"ref":"22.9","t":"火可發於外無待於內以時發之"},{"ref":"22.9a","t":"(4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favourable moment."},{"ref":"22.9b","t":"Tu Mu says that the previous paragraphs had reference to the fire breaking out (either accidentally, we may suppose, or by the agency of incendiaries) inside the enemy’s camp. “But,” he continues, 若敵居荒澤草穢或營栅可焚之地卽須及時發火不必更待內發作然後應之恐敵人自燒野草我起火無益 “if the enemy is settled in a waste place littered with quantities of grass, or if he has pitched his camp in a position which can be burnt out, we must carry our fire against him at any seasonable opportunity, and not wait on in hopes of an outbreak occurring within, for fear our opponents should themselves burn up the surrounding vegetation, and thus render our own attempts fruitless.” The famous 李陵 Li Ling once baffled the 單于 leader of the Hsiung-nu in this way. The latter, taking advantage of a favourable wind, tried to set fire to the Chinese general’s camp, but found that every scrap of combustible vegetation in the neighbourhood had already been burnt down. On the other hand, 波才 Po-ts’ai, a general of the 黃巾賊 Yellow Turban rebels, was badly defeated in 184 A.D. through his neglect of this simple precaution. “At the head of a large army he was besieging 長社 Ch’ang-shê, which was held by 皇甫嵩 Huang-fu Sung. The garrison was very small, and a general feeling of nervousness pervaded the ranks; so Huang-fu Sung called his officers together and said: ‘In war, there are various indirect methods of attack, and numbers do not count for everything. [The commentator here quotes Sun Tzŭ, V. §§ 5, 6 and 10.] Now the rebels have pitched their camp in the midst of thick grass (依草結營), which will easily burn when the wind blows. If we set fire to it at night, they will be thrown into a panic, and we can make a sortie and attack them on all sides at once, thus emulating the achievement of T’ien Tan.’ [See p. 90.] That same evening, a strong breeze sprang up; so Huang-fu Sung instructed his soldiers to bind reeds together into torches and mount guard on the city walls, after which he sent out a band of daring men, who stealthily made their way through the lines and started the fire with loud shouts and yells. Simultaneously, a glare of light shot up from the city-walls, and Huang-fu Sung, sounding his drums, led a rapid charge, which threw the rebels into confusion and put them to headlong flight.” [<em>Hou Han Shu</em>, ch. 71, f. 2 <em>r</em>o.]"},{"ref":"22.10","t":"火發上風無攻下風"},{"ref":"22.10a","t":"(5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from the leeward."},{"ref":"22.10b","t":"Chang Yü, following Tu Yu, says: 燒之必退退而逆擊之必死戰則不便也 “When you make a fire, the enemy will retreat away from it; if you oppose his retreat and attack him then, he will fight desperately, which will not conduce to your success.” A rather more obvious explanation is given by Tu Mu: “If the wind is in the east, begin burning to the east of the enemy, and follow up the attack yourself from that side. If you start the fire on the east side, and then attack from the west, you will suffer in the same way as your enemy.”"},{"ref":"22.11","t":"晝風久夜風止"},{"ref":"22.11a","t":"A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls."},{"ref":"22.11b","t":"Cf. Lao Tzŭ’s saying: 飄風不終朝 “A violent wind does not last the space of a morning.” (<em>Tao Tê Ching</em>, chap. 23.) Mei Yao-ch’ên and Wang Hsi say: “A day breeze dies down at nightfall, and a night breeze at daybreak. This is what happens as a general rule.” The phenomenon observed may be correct enough, but how this sense is to be obtained is not apparent."},{"ref":"22.12","t":"凡軍必知有五火之變以數守之"},{"ref":"22.12a","t":"In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days."},{"ref":"22.12b","t":"Tu Mu’s commentary shows what has to be supplied in order to make sense out of 以數守之. He says: 須筭星之數守風起之日乃可發火 “We must make calculations as to the paths of the stars, and watch for the days on which wind will rise, before making our attack with fire.” Chang Yü seems to take 守 in the sense of 防: “We must not only know how to assail our opponents with fire, but also be on our guard against similar attacks from them.”"},{"ref":"22.13","t":"故以火佐攻者明以水佐攻者强"},{"ref":"22.13a","t":"Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence;"},{"ref":"22.13b","t":"I have not the least hesitation in rejecting the commentators’ explanation of 明 as = 明白. Thus Chang Yü says: 灼然可以取勝 “... will <em>clearly</em> [i.e. obviously] be able to gain the victory.” This is not only clumsy in itself, but does not balance 强 in the next clause. For 明 “intelligent,” cf. <em>infra</em>, § 16, and <em>Lun Yü</em> XII. 6."},{"ref":"22.13c","t":"those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength."},{"ref":"22.13d","t":"Capt. Calthrop gives an extraordinary rendering of the paragraph: “... if the attack is to be assisted, the fire must be unquenchable. If water is to assist the attack, the flood must be overwhelming.”"},{"ref":"22.14","t":"水可以絶不可以奪"},{"ref":"22.14a","t":"By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belongings."},{"ref":"22.14b","t":"Ts’ao Kung’s note is: 但可以絶敵道分敵軍不可以奪敵蓄積 “We can merely obstruct the enemy’s road or divide his army, but not sweep away all his accumulated stores.” Water can do useful service, but it lacks the terrible destructive power of fire. This is the reason, Chang Yü concludes, why the former is dismissed in a couple of sentences, whereas the attack by fire is discussed in detail. Wu Tzŭ (ch. 4) speaks thus of the two elements: 居軍下濕水無所通霖雨數至可灌而沉居軍荒澤草楚幽穢風飆數至可焚而滅 “If an army is encamped on low-lying marshy ground, from which the water cannot run off, and where the rainfall is heavy, it may be submerged by a flood. If an army is encamped in wild marsh lands thickly overgrown with weeds and brambles, and visited by frequent gales, it may be exterminated by fire.”"},{"ref":"22.15","t":"夫戰勝攻取而不修其功者凶命曰費留"},{"ref":"22.15a","t":"Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time and general stagnation."},{"ref":"22.15b","t":"This is one of the most perplexing passages in Sun Tzŭ. The difficulty lies mainly in 不修其功, of which two interpretations appear possible. Most of the commentators understand 修 in the sense (not known to <em>K’ang Hsi</em>) of 賞 “reward” or 舉 “promote,” and 其功 as referring to the merit of officers and men. Thus Ts’ao Kung says: 賞善不踰日 “Rewards for good service should not be deferred a single day.” And Tu Mu: “If you do not take opportunity to advance and reward the deserving, your subordinates will not carry out your commands, and disaster will ensue.” 費留 would then probably mean 留滯費耗 “stoppage of expenditure,” or as Chia Lin puts it, 惜費 “the grudging of expenditure.” For several reasons, however, and in spite of the formidable array of scholars on the other side, I prefer the interpretation suggested by Mei Yao-ch’ên alone, whose words I will quote: 欲戰必勝攻必取者在因時乘便能作爲功也作爲功者修火攻水攻之類不可坐守其利也坐守其利者凶也 “Those who want to make sure of succeeding in their battles and assaults must seize the favourable moments when they come and not shrink on occasion from heroic measures: that is to say, they must resort to such means of attack as fire, water and the like. What they must not do, and what will prove fatal, is to sit still and simply hold on to the advantages they have got.” This retains the more usual meaning of 修, and also brings out a clear connection of thought with the previous part of the chapter. With regard to 費留, Wang Hsi paraphrases it as 費財老師 “expending treasure and tiring out [<em>lit.</em> ageing] the army.” 費 of course is expenditure or waste in general, either of time, money or strength. But the soldier is less concerned with the saving of money than of time. For the metaphor expressed in “stagnation” I am indebted to Ts’ao Kung, who says: 若水之留不復還也. Capt. Calthrop gives a rendering which bears but little relation to the Chinese text: “unless victory or possession be obtained, the enemy quickly recovers, and misfortunes arise. The war drags on, and money is spent.”"},{"ref":"22.16","t":"故曰明主慮之良將修之"},{"ref":"22.16a","t":"Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources."},{"ref":"22.16b","t":"As Sun Tzŭ quotes this jingle in support of his assertion in § 15, we must suppose 修之 to stand for 修其功 or something analogous. The meaning seems to be that the ruler lays plans which the general must show resourcefulness in carrying out. It is now plainer than ever that 修 cannot mean “to reward.” Nevertheless, Tu Mu quotes the following from the 三略, ch. 2: 霸者制士以權結士以信使士以賞信衰則士疏賞虧則士不用命 “The warlike prince controls his soldiers by his authority, knits them together by good faith, and by rewards makes them serviceable. If faith decays, there will be disruption; if rewards are deficient, commands will not be respected.”"},{"ref":"22.17","t":"非利不動非得不用非危不戰"},{"ref":"22.17a","t":"Move not unless you see an advantage;"},{"ref":"22.17b","t":"起, the <em>Yü Lan’s</em> variant for 動, is adopted by Li Ch’üan and Tu Mu."},{"ref":"22.17c","t":"use not your troops unless there is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical."},{"ref":"22.17d","t":"Sun Tzŭ may at times appear to be over-cautious, but he never goes so far in that direction as the remarkable passage in the <em>Tao Tê Ching</em>, ch. 69: 吾不敢爲主而爲客不敢進寸而退尺 “I dare not take the initiative, but prefer to act on the defensive; I dare not advance an inch, but prefer to retreat a foot.”"},{"ref":"22.18","t":"主不可以怒而興師將不可以愠而致戰"},{"ref":"22.18a","t":"No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique."},{"ref":"22.18b","t":"Again compare Lao Tzŭ, ch. 68: 善戰者不怒. Chang Yü says that 愠 is a weaker word than 怒, and is therefore applied to the general as opposed to the sovereign. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 軍 for 師, and the latter 合 for 致."},{"ref":"22.19","t":"合於利而動不合於利而止"},{"ref":"22.19a","t":"If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you are."},{"ref":"22.19b","t":"This is repeated from XI. § 17. Here I feel convinced that it is an interpolation, for it is evident that § 20 ought to follow immediately on § 18. For 動, the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> have 用. Capt. Calthrop invents a sentence which he inserts before this one: “Do not make war unless victory may be gained thereby.” While he was about it, he might have credited Sun Tzŭ with something slightly less inane."},{"ref":"22.20","t":"怒可以復喜愠可以復悅"},{"ref":"22.20a","t":"Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content."},{"ref":"22.20b","t":"According to Chang Yü, 喜 denotes joy outwardly manifested in the countenance, 悅 the inward sensation of happiness."},{"ref":"22.21","t":"亡國不可以復存死者不可以復生"},{"ref":"22.21a","t":"But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being;"},{"ref":"22.21b","t":"The Wu State was destined to be a melancholy example of this saying. See p. 50."},{"ref":"22.21c","t":"nor can the dead ever be brought back to life."},{"ref":"22.22","t":"故明君愼之良將警之此安國全軍之道也"},{"ref":"22.22a","t":"Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution."},{"ref":"22.22b","t":"警, which usually means “to warn,” is here equal to 戒. This is a good instance of how Chinese characters, which stand for ideas, refuse to be fettered by dictionary-made definitions. The <em>T’u Shu</em> reads 故曰, as in § 16."},{"ref":"22.22c","t":"This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact."},{"ref":"22.22d","t":"It is odd that 全軍 should not have the same meaning here as in III. § 1, <em>q.v.</em> This has led me to consider whether it might not be possible to take the earlier passage thus: “to preserve your own army (country, regiment, etc.) intact is better than to destroy the enemy’s.” The two words do not appear in the <em>T’ung Tien</em> or the <em>Yü Lan</em>. Capt. Calthrop misses the point by translating: “then is the state secure, and the army victorious in battle.”"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER XIII. THE USE OF SPIES."},{"ref":"23.1","t":"用間篇"},{"ref":"23.2","t":"間 IS REALLY a vulgar form of 閒, and does not appear in the <em>Shuo Wên</em>. In practice, however, it has gradually become a distinct character with special meanings of its own, and I have therefore followed my edition of the standard text in retaining this form throughout the chapter. In VI. § 25, on the other hand, the correct form 閒 will be found. The evolution of the meaning “spy” is worth considering for a moment, provided it be understood that this is very doubtful ground, and that any dogmatism is out of place. The <em>Shuo Wên</em> defines 閒 as 隟 (the old form of 隙) “a crack” or “chink,” and on the whole we may accept 徐鍇 Hsü Ch’ieh’s analysis as not unduly fanciful: 夫門夜閉閉而見月光是有閒隟也 “At night, a <em>door</em> is shut; if, when it is shut, the light of the <em>moon</em> is visible, it must come through a <em>chink</em>.” From this it is an easy step to the meaning “space between,” or simply “between,” as for example in the phrase 往來閒諜 “to act as a secret spy between enemies.” Here 諜 is the word which means “spy;” but we may suppose that constant association so affected the original force of 閒, that 諜 could at last be dropped altogether, leaving 閒 to stand alone with the same signification. Another possible theory is that the word may first have come to mean 覗 “to peep” (see 博雅, quoted in <em>K’ang Hsi</em>) which would naturally be suggested by “crack” or “crevice,” and afterwards the man who peeps, or spy."},{"ref":"23.1a","t":"孫子曰凡興師十萬出兵千里百姓之費公家之奉日費千金內外騷動怠於道路不得操事者七十萬家"},{"ref":"23.1aa","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver."},{"ref":"23.1b","t":"Cf. II. §§ 1, 13, 14."},{"ref":"23.1c","t":"There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on the highways."},{"ref":"23.1d","t":"怠於道路, which is omitted by the <em>Yü Lan</em>, appears at first sight to be explained by the words immediately following, so that the obvious translation would be “(enforced) idleness along the line of march.” [Cf. <em>Tao Tê Ching</em>, ch. 30: 師之所處荆棘生焉 “Where troops have been quartered, brambles and thorns spring up.”] The commentators, however, say that 怠 is here equivalent to 疲 — a meaning which is still retained in the phrase 倦怠. Tu Mu refers 怠 to those who are engaged in conveying provisions to the army. But this can hardly be said to emerge clearly from Sun Tzŭ’s text. Chang Yü has the note: “We may be reminded of the saying: ‘On serious ground, gather in plunder’ [XI. § 13]. Why then should carriage and transportation cause exhaustion on the highways? — The answer is, that not victuals alone, but all sorts of munitions of war have to be conveyed to the army. Besides, the injunction to ‘forage on the enemy’ only means that when an army is deeply engaged in hostile territory, scarcity of food must be provided against. Hence, without being solely dependent on the enemy for corn, we must forage in order that there may be an uninterrupted flow of supplies. Then, again, there are places like salt deserts (磧鹵之地), where provisions being unobtainable, supplies from home cannot be dispensed with.”"},{"ref":"23.1e","t":"As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in their labour."},{"ref":"23.1f","t":"Mei Yao-ch’ên says: 廢於耒耜 “Men will be lacking at the plough-tail.” The allusion is to 井田 the system of dividing land into nine parts, as shown in the character 井, each consisting of a 夫 or 頃 (about 15 acres), the plot in the centre being cultivated on behalf of the State by the tenants of the other eight. It was here also, so Tu Mu tells us, that their cottages were built and a well sunk, to be used by all in common. [See II. § 12, note.] These groups of eight peasant proprietors were called 鄰. In time of war, one of the families had to serve in the army, while the other seven contributed to its support (一家從軍七家奉弓). Thus, by a levy of 100,000 men (reckoning one able-bodied soldier to each family) the husbandry of 700,000 families would be affected."},{"ref":"23.2a","t":"相守數年以爭一日之勝而愛爵祿百金不知敵之情者不仁之至也"},{"ref":"23.2aa","t":"Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy’s condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred ounces of silver in honours and emoluments,"},{"ref":"23.2b","t":"“For spies” is of course the meaning, though it would spoil the effect of this curiously elaborate exordium if spies were actually mentioned at this point."},{"ref":"23.2c","t":"is the height of inhumanity."},{"ref":"23.2d","t":"Sun Tzŭ’s argument is certainly ingenious. He begins by adverting to the frightful misery and vast expenditure of blood and treasure which war always brings in its train. Now, unless you are kept informed of the enemy’s condition, and are ready to strike at the right moment, a war may drag on for years. The only way to get this information is to employ spies, and it is impossible to obtain trustworthy spies unless they are properly paid for their services. But it is surely false economy to grudge a comparatively trifling amount for this purpose, when every day that the war lasts eats up an incalculably greater sum. This grievous burden falls on the shoulders of the poor, and hence Sun Tzŭ concludes that to neglect the use of spies is nothing less than a crime against humanity."},{"ref":"23.3","t":"非人之將也非主之佐也非勝之主也"},{"ref":"23.3a","t":"One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign,"},{"ref":"23.3b","t":"An inferior reading for 主 is 仁, thus explained by Mei Yao-ch’ên: 非以仁佐國者也."},{"ref":"23.3c","t":"no master of victory."},{"ref":"23.3d","t":"This idea, that the true object of war is peace, has its root in the national temperament of the Chinese. Even so far back as 597 B.C. these memorable words were uttered by Prince 莊 Chuang of the Ch’u State: 夫文止戈爲武... 夫武禁暴戢兵保大定功安民和衆豐財者也 “The character for ‘prowess’ (武) is made up of 止 ‘to stay’ and 戈 ‘a spear’ (cessation of hostilities). Military prowess is seen in the repression of cruelty, the calling in of weapons, the preservation of the appointment of Heaven, the firm establishment of merit, the bestowal of happiness on the people, putting harmony between the princes, the diffusion of wealth.” [<em>Tso Chuan</em>, 宣公 XII. 3 <em>ad fin.</em>]"},{"ref":"23.4","t":"故明君賢將所以動而勝人成功出於衆者先知也"},{"ref":"23.4a","t":"Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is <em>foreknowledge</em>."},{"ref":"23.4b","t":"That is, knowledge of the enemy’s dispositions, and what he means to do."},{"ref":"23.5","t":"先知者不可取於鬼神不可象於事不可驗於度"},{"ref":"23.5a","t":"Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits;"},{"ref":"23.5b","t":"以禱祀 “by prayers or sacrifices,” says Chang Yü. 鬼 are the disembodied spirits of men, and 神 supernatural beings or “gods.”"},{"ref":"23.5c","t":"it cannot be obtained inductively from experience,"},{"ref":"23.5d","t":"Tu Mu’s note makes the meaning clear: 象, he says, is the same as 類 reasoning by analogy; 不可以他事比類而求 “[knowledge of the enemy] cannot be gained by reasoning from other analogous cases.”"},{"ref":"23.5e","t":"nor by any deductive calculation."},{"ref":"23.5f","t":"Li Ch’üan says: 夫長短闊狹遠近小大卽可驗之於度數人之情僞度不能知也 “Quantities like length, breadth, distance and magnitude, are susceptible of exact mathematical determination; human actions cannot be so calculated.”"},{"ref":"23.6","t":"必取於人知敵之情者也"},{"ref":"23.6a","t":"Knowledge of the enemy’s dispositions can only be obtained from other men."},{"ref":"23.6b","t":"Mei Yao-ch’ên has rather an interesting note: 鬼神之情可以筮卜知形氣之物可以象類求天地之理可以度數驗唯敵之情必由間者而後知也 “Knowledge of the spirit-world is to be obtained by divination; information in natural science may be sought by inductive reasoning; the laws of the universe can be verified by mathematical calculation: but the dispositions of an enemy are ascertainable through spies and spies alone.”"},{"ref":"23.7","t":"故用間有五有鄉間有內間有反間有死間有生間"},{"ref":"23.7a","t":"Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies."},{"ref":"23.8","t":"五間俱起莫知其道是謂神紀人君之寳也"},{"ref":"23.8a","t":"When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the secret system."},{"ref":"23.8b","t":"道 is explained by Tu Mu as 其情泄形露之道 “the way in which facts leak out and dispositions are revealed.”"},{"ref":"23.8c","t":"This is called"},{"ref":"23.8d","t":"爲 is the reading of the standard text, but the <em>T’ung Tien</em>, <em>Yü Lan</em> and <em>T’u Shu</em> all have 謂."},{"ref":"23.8e","t":"“divine manipulation of the threads.”"},{"ref":"23.8f","t":"Capt. Calthrop translates 神紀 “the Mysterious Thread,” but Mei Yao-ch’ên’s paraphrase 神妙之綱紀 shows that what is meant is the <em>control</em> of a number of threads."},{"ref":"23.8g","t":"It is the sovereign’s most precious faculty."},{"ref":"23.8h","t":"“Cromwell, one of the greatest and most practical of all cavalry leaders, had officers styled ‘scout masters,’ whose business it was to collect all possible information regarding the enemy, through scouts and spies, etc. and much of his success in war was traceable to the previous knowledge of the enemy’s moves thus gained.”¹⁸⁴"},{"ref":"23.9","t":"鄉間者因其鄉人而用之"},{"ref":"23.9a","t":"Having <em>local spies</em>"},{"ref":"23.9b","t":"鄉間 is the emended reading of Chia Lin and the <em>T’u Shu</em> for the unintelligible 因間, here and in § 7, of the standard text, which nevertheless reads 鄉間 in § 22."},{"ref":"23.9c","t":"means employing the services of the inhabitants of a district."},{"ref":"23.9d","t":"Tu Mu says: “In the enemy’s country, win people over by kind treatment, and use them as spies.”"},{"ref":"23.10","t":"內間者因其官人而用之"},{"ref":"23.10a","t":"Having <em>inward spies</em>, making use of officials of the enemy."},{"ref":"23.10b","t":"官 includes both civil and military officials. Tu Mu enumerates the following classes as likely to do good service in this respect: “Worthy men who have been degraded from office, criminals who have undergone punishment; also, favourite concubines who are greedy for gold, men who are aggrieved at being in subordinate positions, or who have been passed over in the distribution of posts, others who are anxious that their side should be defeated in order that they may have a chance of displaying their ability and talents, fickle turncoats who always want to have a foot in each boat (飜覆變詐常持兩端之心者). Officials of these several kinds,” he continues, “should be secretly approached and bound to one’s interests by means of rich presents. In this way you will be able to find out the state of affairs in the enemy’s country, ascertain the plans that are being formed against you, and moreover disturb the harmony and create a breach between the sovereign and his ministers.” The necessity for extreme caution, however, in dealing with “inward spies,” appears from an historical incident related by Ho Shih: “羅尙 Lo Shang, Governor of 益州 I-chou, sent his general 隗伯 Wei Po to attack the rebel 李雄 Li Hsiung of 蜀 Shu in his stronghold at 郫 P’i. After each side had experienced a number of victories and defeats, Li Hsiung had recourse to the services of a certain 朴泰 P’o-t’ai, a native of 武都 Wu-tu. He began by having him whipped until the blood came, and then sent him off to Lo Shang, whom he was to delude by offering to co-operate with him from inside the city, and to give a fire signal at the right moment for making a general assault. Lo Shang, confiding in these promises, marched out all his best troops, and placed Wei Po and others at their head with orders to attack at P’o-t’ai’s bidding. Meanwhile, Li Hsiung’s general, 李驤 Li Hsiang, had prepared an ambuscade on their line of march; and P’o-t’ai, having reared long scaling-ladders against the city walls, now lighted the beacon-fire. Wei Po’s men raced up on seeing the signal and began climbing the ladders as fast as they could, while others were drawn up by ropes lowered from above. More than a hundred of Lo Shang’s soldiers entered the city in this way, every one of whom was forthwith beheaded. Li Hsiung then charged with all his forces, both inside and outside the city, and routed the enemy completely.” [This happened in 303 A.D. I do not know where Ho Shih got the story from. It is not given in the biography of Li Hsiung or that of his father Li 特 T’ê, <em>Chin Shu</em>, ch. 120, 121.]"},{"ref":"23.11","t":"反間者因其敵間而用之"},{"ref":"23.11a","t":"Having <em>converted spies</em>, getting hold of the enemy’s spies and using them for our own purposes."},{"ref":"23.11b","t":"By means of heavy bribes and liberal promises detaching them from the enemy’s service, and inducing them to carry back false information as well as to spy in turn on their own countrymen. Thus Tu Yu: 因厚賂重許反使爲我間也. On the other hand, 蕭世諴 Hsiao Shih-hsien in defining the 反間 says that we pretend not to have detected him, but contrive to let him carry away a false impression of what is going on (敵使人來候我我佯不知而示以虛事). Several of the commentators accept this as an alternative definition; but that it is not what Sun Tzŭ meant is conclusively proved by his subsequent remarks about treating the converted spy generously (§ 21 <em>sqq.</em>). Ho Shih notes three occasions on which converted spies were used with conspicuous success: 1) by T’ien Tan in his defence of Chi-mo (see <em>supra</em>, p. 90); 2) by Chao Shê on his march to O-yü (see p. 57); and by the wily 范雎 Fan Chü in 260 B.C. when Lien P’o was conducting a defensive campaign against Ch’in. The King of Chao strongly disapproved of Lien P’o’s cautious and dilatory methods, which had been unable to avert a series of minor disasters, and therefore lent a ready ear to the reports of his spies, who had secretly gone over to the enemy and were already in Fan Chü’s pay. They said: “The only thing which causes Ch’in anxiety is lest 趙括 Chao Kua should be made general. Lien P’o they consider an easy opponent, who is sure to be vanquished in the long run.” Now this Chao Kua was a son of the famous Chao Shê. From his boyhood, he had been wholly engrossed in the study of war and military matters, until at last he came to believe that there was no commander in the whole Empire who could stand against him. His father was much disquieted by this overweening conceit, and the flippancy with which he spoke of such a serious thing as war, and solemnly declared that if ever Kua was appointed general, he would bring ruin on the armies of Chao. This was the man who, in spite of earnest protests from his own mother and the veteran statesman 藺相如 Lin Hsiang-ju, was now sent to succeed Lien P’o. Needless to say, he proved no match for the redoubtable Po Ch’i and the great military power of Ch’in. He fell into a trap by which his army was divided into two and his communications cut; and after a desperate resistance lasting 46 days, during which the famished soldiers devoured one another, he was himself killed by an arrow, and his whole force, amounting, it is said, to 400,000 men, ruthlessly put to the sword. [See 歷代紀事年表, ch. 19, ff. 48–50]."},{"ref":"23.12","t":"死間者爲誑事於外令吾間知之而傳於敵"},{"ref":"23.12a","t":"Having <em>doomed spies</em>, doing certain things openly for purposes of deception, and allowing our own spies to know of them and report them to the enemy."},{"ref":"23.12b","t":"傳 is Li Ch’üan’s conjecture for 待, which is found in the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and the <em>Yü Lan</em>. The <em>T’u Shu</em>, unsupported by any good authority, adds 間也 after 敵. In that case, the doomed spies would be those of the enemy, to whom our own spies had conveyed false information. But this is unnecessarily complicated. Tu Yu gives the best exposition of the meaning: “We ostentatiously do things calculated to deceive our own spies, who must be led to believe that they have been unwittingly disclosed. Then, when these spies are captured in the enemy’s lines, they will make an entirely false report, and the enemy will take measures accordingly, only to find that we do something quite different. The spies will thereupon be put to death.” Capt. Calthrop makes a hopeless muddle of the sentence. As an example of doomed spies, Ho Shih mentions the prisoners released by Pan Ch’ao in his campaign against Yarkand. (See p. 132.) He also refers to 唐儉 T’ang Chien, who in 630 A.D. was sent by T’ai Tsung to lull the Turkish Khan 頡利 Chieh-li into fancied security, until Li Ching was able to deliver a crushing blow against him. Chang Yü says that the Turks revenged themselves by killing T’ang Chien, but this is a mistake, for we read in both the Old and the New T’ang History (ch. 58, fol. 2 and ch. 89, fol. 8 respectively) that he escaped and lived on until 656. 酈食其 Li I-chi¹⁸⁵ played a somewhat similar part in 203 B.C. when sent by the King of Han to open peaceful negotiations with Ch’i. He has certainly more claim to be described as a 死間; for the King of Ch’i, being subsequently attacked without warning by Han Hsin, and infuriated by what he considered the treachery of Li I-chi, ordered the unfortunate envoy to be boiled alive."},{"ref":"23.13","t":"生間者反報也"},{"ref":"23.13a","t":"<em>Surviving spies</em>, finally, are those who bring back news from the enemy’s camp."},{"ref":"23.13b","t":"This is the ordinary class of spies, properly so called, forming a regular part of the army. Tu Mu says: 生間者必取內明外愚形劣心壯趫健勁勇閑於鄙事能忍饑寒垢耻者爲之 “Your surviving spy must be a man of keen intellect, though in outward appearance a fool; of shabby exterior, but with a will of iron. He must be active, robust, endowed with physical strength and courage; thoroughly accustomed to all sorts of dirty work, able to endure hunger and cold, and to put up with shame and ignominy.” Ho Shih tells the following story of 達奚武 Ta-hsi Wu of the Sui dynasty: “When he was governor of Eastern Ch’in, 神武 Shên-wu of Ch’i made a hostile movement upon 沙苑 Sha-yüan. The Emperor T’ai Tsu [? Kao Tsu] sent Ta-hsi Wu to spy upon the enemy. He was accompanied by two other men. All three were on horseback and wore the enemy’s uniform. When it was dark, they dismounted a few hundred feet away from the enemy’s camp and stealthily crept up to listen, until they succeeded in catching the passwords used by the army. Then they got on their horses again and boldly passed through the camp under the guise of night-watchmen (警夜者); and more than once, happening to come across a soldier who was committing some breach of discipline, they actually stopped to give the culprit a sound cudgelling! Thus they managed to return with the fullest possible information about the enemy’s dispositions, and received warm commendation from the Emperor, who in consequence of their report was able to inflict a severe defeat on his adversary.” With the above classification it is interesting to compare the remarks of Frederick the Great:¹⁸⁶ “Es giebt vielerley Sorten von Spions: 1. Geringe Leute, welche sich von diesem Handwerk meliren. 2. Doppelte Spions. 3. Spions von Consequenz, und endlich 4. Diejenigen, welche man zu diesem unglücklichen Hankwerk zwinget.” This of course is a bad cross-division. The first class (“Bürgersleute, Bauern, Priesters, etc.”) corresponds roughly to Sun Tzŭ’s “local spies,” and the third to “inward spies.” Of “Doppelte Spions” it is broadly stated that they are employed “um dem Feinde falsche Nachrichten aufzubinden.” Thus they would include both converted and doomed spies. Frederick’s last class of spies does not appear in Sun Tzŭ’s list, perhaps because the risk in using them is too great."},{"ref":"23.14","t":"故三軍之親莫親於間賞莫厚於間事莫密於間"},{"ref":"23.14a","t":"Hence it is that with none in the whole army are more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies."},{"ref":"23.14b","t":"The original text and the <em>T’u Shu</em> have 事 in place of the first 親. Tu Mu and Mei Yao-ch’ên point out that the spy is privileged to enter even the general’s private sleeping-tent. Capt. Calthrop has an inaccurate translation: “In connection with the armies, spies should be treated with the greatest kindness.”"},{"ref":"23.14c","t":"None should be more liberally rewarded."},{"ref":"23.14d","t":"Frederick concludes his chapter on spies with the words: “Zu allem diesem füge ich noch hinzu, dass man in Bezahlung der Spions freygebig, ja verschwenderisch seyn muss. Ein Mench, der um eures Dienstes halber den Strick waget, verdienet dafür belohnet zu werden.”"},{"ref":"23.14e","t":"In no other business should greater secrecy be preserved."},{"ref":"23.14f","t":"Tu Mu gives a graphic touch: 出口入耳也, that is to say, all communications with spies should be carried on “mouth-to-ear.” Capt. Calthrop has: “All matters relating to spies are secret,” which is distinctly feeble. An inferior reading for 密 is 審. The following remarks on spies may be quoted from Turenne, who made perhaps larger use of them than any previous commander: “Spies are attached to those who give them most, he who pays them ill is never served. They should never be known to anybody; nor should they know one another. When they propose anything very material, secure their persons, or have in your possession their wives and children as hostages for their fidelity. Never communicate anything to them but what it is absolutely necessary that they should know.”¹⁸⁷"},{"ref":"23.15","t":"非聖智不能用間"},{"ref":"23.15a","t":"Spies cannot be usefully employed"},{"ref":"23.15b","t":"This is the <em>nuance</em> of Tu Yu’s paraphrase 不能得間人之用."},{"ref":"23.15c","t":"without a certain intuitive sagacity."},{"ref":"23.15d","t":"Mei Yao-ch’ên says: 知其情僞辨其邪正則能用 “In order to use them, one must know fact from falsehood, and be able to discriminate between honesty and double-dealing.” Wang Hsi takes 聖 and 智 separately, defining the former as 通而先識 “intuitive perception” and the latter as 明於事 “practical intelligence.” Tu Mu strangely refers these attributes to the spies themselves: 先量間者之性誠實多智然後可用之 “Before using spies we must assure ourselves as to their integrity of character and the extent of their experience and skill.” But he continues: 厚貌深情險於山川非聖人莫能知 “A brazen face and a crafty disposition are more dangerous than mountains or rivers; it takes a man of genius to penetrate such.” So that we are left in some doubt as to his real opinion on the passage."},{"ref":"23.16","t":"非仁義不能使間"},{"ref":"23.16a","t":"They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and straightforwardness."},{"ref":"23.16b","t":"Chang Yü says that 仁 means “not grudging them honours and pay;” 義, “showing no distrust of their honesty.” “When you have attracted them by substantial offers, you must treat them with absolute sincerity; then they will work for you with all their might.”"},{"ref":"23.17","t":"非微妙不能得間之實"},{"ref":"23.17a","t":"Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of their reports."},{"ref":"23.17b","t":"Mei Yao-ch’ên says: “Be on your guard against the possibility of spies going over to the service of the enemy.” The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> read 密 for 妙."},{"ref":"23.18","t":"微哉微哉無所不用間也"},{"ref":"23.18a","t":"Be subtle! be subtle!"},{"ref":"23.18b","t":"Cf. VI. § 9: 微乎微乎. Capt. Calthrop translates: “Wonderful indeed is the power of spies.”"},{"ref":"23.18c","t":"and use your spies for every kind of business."},{"ref":"23.19","t":"間事未發而先聞者間與所告者皆死"},{"ref":"23.19a","t":"If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told."},{"ref":"23.19b","t":"The Chinese here is so concise and elliptical that some expansion is necessary for the proper understanding of it. 間事 denotes important information about the enemy obtained from a surviving spy. The subject of 未發, however, is not this information itself, but the secret stratagem built up on the strength of it. 聞者 means “is heard” — by anybody else. Thus, word for word, we get: “If spy matters are heard before [our plans] are carried out,” etc. Capt. Calthrop, in translating 間與所告者 “the spy who told the matter, and the man who repeated the same,” may appeal to the authority of the commentators; but he surely misses the main point of Sun Tzŭ’s injunction. For, whereas you kill the spy himself 惡其泄 “as a punishment for letting out the secret,” the object of killing the other man is only, as Ch’ên Hao puts it, 以滅口 “to stop his mouth” and prevent the news leaking any further. If it had already been repeated to others, this object would not be gained. Either way, Sun Tzŭ lays himself open to the charge of inhumanity, though Tu Mu tries to defend him by saying that the man deserves to be put to death, for the spy would certainly not have told the secret unless the other had been at pains to worm it out of him. The <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em> have the reading... 先聞其間者與, etc. which, while not affecting the sense, strikes me as being better than that of the standard text. The <em>T’u Shu</em> has... 聞與所告者, which I suppose would mean: “the man who heard the secret and the man who told it to him.”"},{"ref":"23.20","t":"凡軍之所欲擊城之所欲攻人之所欲殺必先知其守將左右謁者門者舍人之姓名令吾間必索知之"},{"ref":"23.20a","t":"Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,"},{"ref":"23.20b","t":"左右 is a comprehensive term for those who wait on others, servants and retainers generally. Capt. Calthrop is hardly happy in rendering it “right-hand men.”"},{"ref":"23.20c","t":"the aides-de-camp,"},{"ref":"23.20d","t":"謁者, literally “visitors,” is equivalent, as Tu Yu says, to 主告事者 “those whose duty it is to keep the general supplied with information,” which naturally necessitates frequent interviews with him. Chang Yü goes too far afield for an explanation in saying that they are 典賓客之將 “the leaders of mercenary troops.”"},{"ref":"23.20e","t":"the door-keepers and sentries"},{"ref":"23.20f","t":"閽吏 and 守舍之人."},{"ref":"23.20g","t":"of the general in command."},{"ref":"23.20h","t":"守將, according to Chang Yü, is simply 守官任職之將 “a general on active service.” Capt. Calthrop is wrong, I think, in making 守將 directly dependent on 姓名 (... “the names of the general in charge,” etc.)."},{"ref":"23.20i","t":"Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these."},{"ref":"23.20j","t":"As the first step, no doubt, towards finding out if any of these important functionaries can be won over by bribery. Capt. Calthrop blunders badly with: “Then set the spies to watch them.”"},{"ref":"23.21","t":"必索敵人之間來間我者因而利之導而舍之故反間可得而用也"},{"ref":"23.21a","t":"The enemy’s spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out,"},{"ref":"23.21b","t":"必索 is omitted by the <em>T’ung Tien</em> and <em>Yü Lan</em>. Its recurrence is certainly suspicious, though the sense may seem to gain by it. The <em>T’u Shu</em> has this variation:... 敵間之來間吾者, etc."},{"ref":"23.21c","t":"tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed."},{"ref":"23.21d","t":"舍 is probably more than merely 居止 or 稽留 “detain.” Cf. § 25 <em>ad fin.</em> where Sun Tzŭ insists that these converted spies shall be treated well. Chang Yü’s paraphrase is 館舍."},{"ref":"23.21e","t":"Thus they will become converted spies and available for our service."},{"ref":"23.22","t":"因是而知之故鄉間內間可得而使也"},{"ref":"23.22a","t":"It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ local and inward spies."},{"ref":"23.22b","t":"Tu Yu expands 因是而知之 into 因反敵間而知敵情 “through conversion of the enemy’s spies we learn the enemy’s condition.” And Chang Yü says: 因是反間知彼鄉人之貪利者官人之有隙者誘而使之 “We must tempt the converted spy into our service, because it is he that knows which of the local inhabitants are greedy of gain, and which of the officials are open to corruption.” In the <em>T’ung Tien</em>, 鄉 has been altered to 因, doubtless for the sake of uniformity with § 9."},{"ref":"23.23","t":"因是而知之故死間爲誑事可使告敵"},{"ref":"23.23a","t":"It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy."},{"ref":"23.23b","t":"“Because the converted spy knows how the enemy can best be deceived” (Chang Yü). The <em>T’ung Tien</em> text, followed by the <em>Yü Lan</em>, has here the obviously interpolated sentence 因是可得而攻也."},{"ref":"23.24","t":"因是而知之故生間有使如期"},{"ref":"23.24a","t":"Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on appointed occasions."},{"ref":"23.24b","t":"Capt. Calthrop omits this sentence."},{"ref":"23.25","t":"五間之事主必知之知之必在於反間故反間不可不厚也"},{"ref":"23.25a","t":"The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the enemy;"},{"ref":"23.25b","t":"I have ventured to differ in this place from those commentators — Tu Yu and Chang Yü — who understand 主 as 人主, and make 五間之事 the antecedent of 之 (the others ignoring the point altogether). It is plausible enough that Sun Tzŭ should require the ruler to be familiar with the methods of spying (though one would rather expect 將 “general” in place of 主). But this involves taking 知之 here in quite a different way from the 知之 immediately following, as also from those in the previous sentences. 之 there refers vaguely to the enemy or the enemy’s condition, and in order to retain the same meaning here, I make 主 a verb, governed by 五間之事. Cf. XI. § 19, where 主 is used in exactly the same manner. The sole objection that I can see in the way of this interpretation is the fact that the 死間, or fourth variety of spy, does not add to our knowledge of the enemy, but only misinforms the enemy about us. This would be, however, but a trivial oversight on Sun Tzŭ’s part, inasmuch as the “doomed spy” is in the strictest sense not to be reckoned as a spy at all. Capt. Calthrop, it is hardly necessary to remark, slurs over the whole difficulty."},{"ref":"23.25c","t":"and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy."},{"ref":"23.25d","t":"As explained in §§ 22–24. He not only brings information himself, but makes it possible to use the other kinds of spy to advantage."},{"ref":"23.25e","t":"Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality."},{"ref":"23.26","t":"昔殷之興也伊摯在夏周之興也呂牙在殷"},{"ref":"23.26a","t":"Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty"},{"ref":"23.26b","t":"Sun Tzŭ means the 商 Shang dynasty, founded in 1766 B.C. Its name was changed to Yin by 盤庚 P’an Kêng in 1401."},{"ref":"23.26c","t":"was due to I Chih"},{"ref":"23.26d","t":"Better known as 伊尹 I Yin, the famous general and statesman who took part in Ch’êng T’ang’s campaign against 桀癸 Chieh Kuei."},{"ref":"23.26e","t":"who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due to Lü Ya"},{"ref":"23.26f","t":"呂尙 Lü Shang, whose “style” was 子牙, rose to high office under the tyrant 紂辛 Chou Hsin, whom he afterwards helped to overthrow. Popularly known as 太公, a title bestowed on him by Wên Wang, he is said to have composed a treatise on war, erroneously identified with the 六韜."},{"ref":"23.26g","t":"who had served under the Yin."},{"ref":"23.26h","t":"There is less precision in the Chinese than I have thought it well to introduce into my translation, and the commentaries on the passage are by no means explicit. But, having regard to the context, we can hardly doubt that Sun Tzŭ is holding up I Chih and Lü Ya as illustrious examples of the converted spy, or something closely analogous. His suggestion is, that the Hsia and Yin dynasties were upset owing to the intimate knowledge of their weaknesses and shortcomings which these former ministers were able to impart to the other side. Mei Yao-ch’ên appears to resent any such aspersion on these historic names: “I Yin and Lü Ya,” he says, “were not rebels against the Government (非叛於國也). Hsia could not employ the former, hence Yin employed him. Yin could not employ the latter, hence Chou employed him. Their great achievements were all for the good of the people.” Ho Shih is also indignant: 伊呂聖人之耦豈爲人間哉今孫子引之者言五間之用須上智之人如伊呂之才智者可以用間葢重之之辭耳 “How should two divinely inspired men such as I and Lü have acted as common spies? Sun Tzŭ’s mention of them simply means that the proper use of the five classes of spies is a matter which requires men of the highest mental calibre like I and Lü, whose wisdom and capacity qualified them for the task. The above words only emphasise this point.” Ho Shih believes then that the two heroes are mentioned on account of their supposed skill in the use of spies. But this is very weak, as it leaves totally unexplained the significant words 在夏 and 在殷. Capt. Calthrop speaks, rather strangely, of “the province of Yin... the country of Hsia... the State of Chu... the people of Shang.”"},{"ref":"23.27","t":"故惟明君賢將能以上智爲間者必成大功此兵之要三軍之所恃而動也"},{"ref":"23.27a","t":"Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying,"},{"ref":"23.27b","t":"Ch’ên Hao compares § 15: 非聖智不能用間. He points out that 湯武之聖伊呂宜用 “the god-like wisdom of Ch’êng T’ang and Wu Wang led them to employ I Yin and Lü Shang.” The <em>T’u Shu</em> omits 惟."},{"ref":"23.27c","t":"and thereby they achieve great results."},{"ref":"23.27d","t":"Tu Mu closes with a note of warning: 夫水所以能濟舟亦有因水而覆沒者間所以能成功亦有憑間而傾敗者 “Just as water, which carries a boat from bank to bank, may also be the means of sinking it, so reliance on spies, while productive of great results, is oft-times the cause of utter destruction.”"},{"ref":"23.27e","t":"Spies are a most important element in war, because on them depends an army’s ability to move."},{"ref":"23.27f","t":"The antecedent to 此 must be either 間者 or 用間者 understood from the whole sentence. Chia Lin says that an army without spies is like a man without ears or eyes."}],"footnotes":[{"n":"4","t":"Shih Chi, ch. 65."},{"n":"168","t":"“Words on Wellington,” by Sir W. Fraser."},{"n":"169","t":"“Forty-one Years in India,” chap. 46."},{"n":"170","t":"See Col. Henderson’s biography of Stonewall Jackson, 1902 ed. vol. II, p. 490."},{"n":"171","t":"See Col. Henderson, op. cit. vol. I. p. 426."},{"n":"172","t":"For a number of maxims on this head, see “Marshal Turenne” (Longmans, 1907), p. 29."},{"n":"173","t":"“Marshal Turenne,” p. 50."},{"n":"174","t":"“Aids to Scouting,” p. 26."},{"n":"175","t":"See “Pensées de Napoléon Ier,” no. 47."},{"n":"176","t":"“The Science of War,” chap. 2."},{"n":"177","t":"“Aids to Scouting,” p. xii."},{"n":"178","t":"“Maximes de Guerre,” no. 72."},{"n":"179","t":"Giles’ Biographical Dictionary, no. 399."},{"n":"180","t":"“The Science of War,” p. 333."},{"n":"181","t":"“Stonewall Jackson,” vol. I, p. 421."},{"n":"182","t":"See Giles’ Dictionary, no. 9817."},{"n":"183","t":"不入虎穴不得虎子 “Unless you enter the tiger’s lair, you cannot get hold of the tiger’s cubs.”"},{"n":"184","t":"“Aids to Scouting,” p. 2."},{"n":"185","t":"Ch’ien Han Shu, ch. 43, fol. 1. 顔師古 Yen Shih-ku in loc. says: 食音異其音基."},{"n":"186","t":"“Unterricht des Königs von Preussen an die Generale seiner Armeen,” cap. 12 (edition of 1794)."},{"n":"187","t":"“Marshal Turenne,” p. 311."}]},{"meta":{"key":"aow-c","en":"The Art of War","gr":"孫子兵法","color":"#8c4a3f","author":"Sun Tzu","kind":"treatise","hidden":true},"text":{"title":"The Art of War","greek":"孫子兵法","translator":"Lionel Giles, 1910 (simplified text)","kind":"treatise","reference":{"label":"Section","abbr":"§","placeholder":"e.g. 2.5"},"transPair":{"a":"aow","b":"aow-b","c":"aow-c","d":"aow-d","e":"aow-e"},"transSelf":"c"},"content":[{"sp":"HDR","t":"Lionel Giles Translation (Simplified Text)"},{"ref":"1.1","t":"WITH GILES’ NOTES AND ANNOTATIONS REMOVED"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"I. LAYING PLANS"},{"ref":"2.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State."},{"ref":"2.2","t":"It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected."},{"ref":"2.3","t":"The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field."},{"ref":"2.4","t":"These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline."},{"ref":"2.4a","t":"5, 6. <em>The Moral Law</em> causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger."},{"ref":"2.7","t":"Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons."},{"ref":"2.8","t":"Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death."},{"ref":"2.9","t":"The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage and strictness."},{"ref":"2.10","t":"By <em>Method and discipline</em> are to be understood the marshalling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the gradations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure."},{"ref":"2.11","t":"These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail."},{"ref":"2.12","t":"Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise: —"},{"ref":"2.13","t":"(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?<br>(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?<br>(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?<br>(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?<br>(5) Which army is the stronger?<br>(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?<br>(7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?"},{"ref":"2.14","t":"By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat."},{"ref":"2.15","t":"The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat: — let such a one be dismissed!"},{"ref":"2.16","t":"While heeding the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules."},{"ref":"2.17","t":"According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one’s plans."},{"ref":"2.18","t":"All warfare is based on deception."},{"ref":"2.19","t":"Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near."},{"ref":"2.20","t":"Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him."},{"ref":"2.21","t":"If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him."},{"ref":"2.22","t":"If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant."},{"ref":"2.23","t":"If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate them."},{"ref":"2.24","t":"Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected."},{"ref":"2.25","t":"These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand."},{"ref":"2.26","t":"Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"II. WAGING WAR"},{"ref":"3.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand <em>li</em>, the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armour, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men."},{"ref":"3.2","t":"When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, the men’s weapons will grow dull and their ardour will be damped. If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength."},{"ref":"3.3","t":"Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain."},{"ref":"3.4","t":"Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardour damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue."},{"ref":"3.5","t":"Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays."},{"ref":"3.6","t":"There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare."},{"ref":"3.7","t":"It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on."},{"ref":"3.8","t":"The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-waggons loaded more than twice."},{"ref":"3.9","t":"Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs."},{"ref":"3.10","t":"Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished."},{"ref":"3.11","t":"On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause the people’s substance to be drained away."},{"ref":"3.12","t":"When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions."},{"ref":"3.12a","t":"13, 14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their incomes will be dissipated; while Government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantlets, draught-oxen and heavy waggons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue."},{"ref":"3.15","t":"Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy’s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one’s own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one’s own store."},{"ref":"3.16","t":"Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards."},{"ref":"3.17","t":"Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept."},{"ref":"3.18","t":"This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one’s own strength."},{"ref":"3.19","t":"In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns."},{"ref":"3.20","t":"Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people’s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM"},{"ref":"4.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy’s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to capture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them."},{"ref":"4.2","t":"Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting."},{"ref":"4.3","t":"Thus the highest form of generalship is to baulk the enemy’s plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy’s forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy’s army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities."},{"ref":"4.4","t":"The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more."},{"ref":"4.5","t":"The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege."},{"ref":"4.6","t":"Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field."},{"ref":"4.7","t":"With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem."},{"ref":"4.8","t":"It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy’s one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two."},{"ref":"4.9","t":"If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him."},{"ref":"4.10","t":"Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force."},{"ref":"4.11","t":"Now the general is the bulwark of the State: if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak."},{"ref":"4.12","t":"There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army: —"},{"ref":"4.13","t":"(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army."},{"ref":"4.14","t":"(2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier’s minds."},{"ref":"4.15","t":"(3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers."},{"ref":"4.16","t":"But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away."},{"ref":"4.17","t":"Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:<br>(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.<br>(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.<br>(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks.<br>(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared.<br>(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.<br>Victory lies in the knowledge of these five points."},{"ref":"4.18","t":"Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS"},{"ref":"5.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy."},{"ref":"5.2","t":"To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself."},{"ref":"5.3","t":"Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy."},{"ref":"5.4","t":"Hence the saying: One may <em>know</em> how to conquer without being able to <em>do</em> it."},{"ref":"5.5","t":"Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive."},{"ref":"5.6","t":"Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength."},{"ref":"5.7","t":"The general who is skilled in defence hides in the most secret recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete."},{"ref":"5.8","t":"To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence."},{"ref":"5.9","t":"Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says, “Well done!”"},{"ref":"5.10","t":"To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear."},{"ref":"5.11","t":"What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease."},{"ref":"5.12","t":"Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage."},{"ref":"5.13","t":"He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated."},{"ref":"5.14","t":"Hence the skilful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy."},{"ref":"5.15","t":"Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory."},{"ref":"5.16","t":"The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control success."},{"ref":"5.17","t":"In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory."},{"ref":"5.18","t":"Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances."},{"ref":"5.19","t":"A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound’s weight placed in the scale against a single grain."},{"ref":"5.20","t":"The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep. So much for tactical dispositions."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"V. ENERGY"},{"ref":"6.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers."},{"ref":"6.2","t":"Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals."},{"ref":"6.3","t":"To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken — this is effected by manœuvers direct and indirect."},{"ref":"6.4","t":"That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg — this is effected by the science of weak points and strong."},{"ref":"6.5","t":"In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory."},{"ref":"6.6","t":"Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away but to return once more."},{"ref":"6.7","t":"There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard."},{"ref":"6.8","t":"There are not more than five primary colours (blue, yellow, red, white, and black), yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever be seen."},{"ref":"6.9","t":"There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavours than can ever be tasted."},{"ref":"6.10","t":"In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack — the direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of manœuvers."},{"ref":"6.11","t":"The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle — you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?"},{"ref":"6.12","t":"The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course."},{"ref":"6.13","t":"The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim."},{"ref":"6.14","t":"Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his decision."},{"ref":"6.15","t":"Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of the trigger."},{"ref":"6.16","t":"Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat."},{"ref":"6.17","t":"Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline; simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength."},{"ref":"6.18","t":"Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions."},{"ref":"6.19","t":"Thus one who is skilful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it."},{"ref":"6.20","t":"By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him."},{"ref":"6.21","t":"The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilise combined energy."},{"ref":"6.22","t":"When he utilises combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-shaped, to go rolling down."},{"ref":"6.23","t":"Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject of energy."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG"},{"ref":"7.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle, will arrive exhausted."},{"ref":"7.2","t":"Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him."},{"ref":"7.3","t":"By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near."},{"ref":"7.4","t":"If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move."},{"ref":"7.5","t":"Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to places where you are not expected."},{"ref":"7.6","t":"An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches through country where the enemy is not."},{"ref":"7.7","t":"You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended.You can ensure the safety of your defence if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked."},{"ref":"7.8","t":"Hence that general is skilful in attack whose opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skilful in defence whose opponent does not know what to attack."},{"ref":"7.9","t":"O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy’s fate in our hands."},{"ref":"7.10","t":"You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the enemy’s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy."},{"ref":"7.11","t":"If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve."},{"ref":"7.12","t":"If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way."},{"ref":"7.13","t":"By discovering the enemy’s dispositions and remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy’s must be divided."},{"ref":"7.14","t":"We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy’s few."},{"ref":"7.15","t":"And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits."},{"ref":"7.16","t":"The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different points; and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few."},{"ref":"7.17","t":"For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak."},{"ref":"7.18","t":"Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations against us."},{"ref":"7.19","t":"Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight."},{"ref":"7.20","t":"But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be impotent to succour the right, the right equally impotent to succour the left, the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred <em>li</em> apart, and even the nearest are separated by several <em>li!</em>"},{"ref":"7.21","t":"Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yüeh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then that victory can be achieved."},{"ref":"7.22","t":"Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success."},{"ref":"7.23","t":"Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots."},{"ref":"7.24","t":"Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient."},{"ref":"7.25","t":"In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains."},{"ref":"7.26","t":"How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy’s own tactics — that is what the multitude cannot comprehend."},{"ref":"7.27","t":"All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved."},{"ref":"7.28","t":"Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances."},{"ref":"7.29","t":"Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards."},{"ref":"7.30","t":"So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is weak."},{"ref":"7.31","t":"Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing."},{"ref":"7.32","t":"Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are no constant conditions."},{"ref":"7.33","t":"He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain."},{"ref":"7.34","t":"The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn. There are short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"VII. MANŒUVERING"},{"ref":"8.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign."},{"ref":"8.2","t":"Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and harmonise the different elements thereof before pitching his camp."},{"ref":"8.3","t":"After that, comes tactical manœuvering, than which there is nothing more difficult. The difficulty of tactical manœuvering consists in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain."},{"ref":"8.4","t":"Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him, shows knowledge of the artifice of <em>deviation</em>."},{"ref":"8.5","t":"Manœuvering with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous."},{"ref":"8.6","t":"If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores."},{"ref":"8.7","t":"Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch, doing a hundred <em>li</em> in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy."},{"ref":"8.8","t":"The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination."},{"ref":"8.9","t":"If you march fifty <em>li</em> in order to outmanœuver the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the goal."},{"ref":"8.10","t":"If you march thirty <em>li</em> with the same object, two-thirds of your army will arrive."},{"ref":"8.11","t":"We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost."},{"ref":"8.12","t":"We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbours."},{"ref":"8.13","t":"We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country — its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps."},{"ref":"8.14","t":"We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides."},{"ref":"8.15","t":"In war, practise dissimulation, and you will succeed. Move only if there is a real advantage to be gained."},{"ref":"8.16","t":"Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by circumstances."},{"ref":"8.17","t":"Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the forest."},{"ref":"8.18","t":"In raiding and plundering be like fire, in immovability like a mountain."},{"ref":"8.19","t":"Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt."},{"ref":"8.20","t":"When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery."},{"ref":"8.21","t":"Ponder and deliberate before you make a move."},{"ref":"8.22","t":"He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is the art of manœuvering."},{"ref":"8.23","t":"The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags."},{"ref":"8.24","t":"Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focussed on one particular point."},{"ref":"8.25","t":"The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art of handling large masses of men."},{"ref":"8.26","t":"In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army."},{"ref":"8.27","t":"A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind."},{"ref":"8.28","t":"Now a soldier’s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp."},{"ref":"8.29","t":"A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods."},{"ref":"8.30","t":"Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy: — this is the art of retaining self-possession."},{"ref":"8.31","t":"To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished: — this is the art of husbanding one’s strength."},{"ref":"8.32","t":"To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident array: — this is the art of studying circumstances."},{"ref":"8.33","t":"It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill."},{"ref":"8.34","t":"Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen."},{"ref":"8.35","t":"Do not swallow a bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army that is returning home."},{"ref":"8.36","t":"When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a desperate foe too hard."},{"ref":"8.37","t":"Such is the art of warfare."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"VIII. VARIATION OF TACTICS"},{"ref":"9.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces."},{"ref":"9.2","t":"When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. In a desperate position, you must fight."},{"ref":"9.3","t":"There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not attacked, towns which must not be besieged, positions which must not be contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed."},{"ref":"9.4","t":"The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops."},{"ref":"9.5","t":"The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account."},{"ref":"9.6","t":"So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use of his men."},{"ref":"9.7","t":"Hence in the wise leader’s plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together."},{"ref":"9.8","t":"If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes."},{"ref":"9.9","t":"If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune."},{"ref":"9.10","t":"Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point."},{"ref":"9.11","t":"The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy’s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable."},{"ref":"9.12","t":"There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general:<br>(1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;<br>(2) cowardice, which leads to capture;<br>(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;<br>(4) a delicacy of honour which is sensitive to shame;<br>(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble."},{"ref":"9.13","t":"These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of war."},{"ref":"9.14","t":"When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH"},{"ref":"10.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighbourhood of valleys."},{"ref":"10.2","t":"Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare."},{"ref":"10.3","t":"After crossing a river, you should get far away from it."},{"ref":"10.4","t":"When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack."},{"ref":"10.5","t":"If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross."},{"ref":"10.6","t":"Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare."},{"ref":"10.7","t":"In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay."},{"ref":"10.8","t":"If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marshes."},{"ref":"10.9","t":"In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country."},{"ref":"10.10","t":"These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns."},{"ref":"10.11","t":"All armies prefer high ground to low, and sunny places to dark."},{"ref":"10.12","t":"If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory."},{"ref":"10.13","t":"When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilise the natural advantages of the ground."},{"ref":"10.14","t":"When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides."},{"ref":"10.15","t":"Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached."},{"ref":"10.16","t":"While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear."},{"ref":"10.17","t":"If in the neighbourhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking."},{"ref":"10.18","t":"When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position."},{"ref":"10.19","t":"When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance."},{"ref":"10.20","t":"If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait."},{"ref":"10.21","t":"Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious."},{"ref":"10.22","t":"The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming."},{"ref":"10.23","t":"When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping."},{"ref":"10.24","t":"Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat."},{"ref":"10.25","t":"When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle."},{"ref":"10.26","t":"Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot."},{"ref":"10.27","t":"When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come."},{"ref":"10.28","t":"When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure."},{"ref":"10.29","t":"When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food."},{"ref":"10.30","t":"If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst."},{"ref":"10.31","t":"If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted."},{"ref":"10.32","t":"If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamour by night betokens nervousness."},{"ref":"10.33","t":"If there is disturbance in the camp, the general’s authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary."},{"ref":"10.34","t":"When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death."},{"ref":"10.35","t":"The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file."},{"ref":"10.36","t":"Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress."},{"ref":"10.37","t":"To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy’s numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence."},{"ref":"10.38","t":"When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce."},{"ref":"10.39","t":"If the enemy’s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection."},{"ref":"10.40","t":"If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements."},{"ref":"10.41","t":"He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them."},{"ref":"10.42","t":"If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be useless."},{"ref":"10.43","t":"Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory."},{"ref":"10.44","t":"If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad."},{"ref":"10.45","t":"If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"X. TERRAIN"},{"ref":"11.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporising ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy."},{"ref":"11.2","t":"Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called <em>accessible</em>."},{"ref":"11.3","t":"With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage."},{"ref":"11.4","t":"Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called <em>entangling</em>."},{"ref":"11.5","t":"From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue."},{"ref":"11.6","t":"When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called temporising ground."},{"ref":"11.7","t":"In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage."},{"ref":"11.8","t":"With regard to <em>narrow passes</em>, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy."},{"ref":"11.9","t":"Should the enemy forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned."},{"ref":"11.10","t":"With regard to <em>precipitous heights</em>, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up."},{"ref":"11.11","t":"If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away."},{"ref":"11.12","t":"If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage."},{"ref":"11.13","t":"These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them."},{"ref":"11.14","t":"Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganisation; (6) rout."},{"ref":"11.15","t":"Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the <em>flight</em> of the former."},{"ref":"11.16","t":"When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is <em>insubordination</em>. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is <em>collapse</em>."},{"ref":"11.17","t":"When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is <em>ruin</em>."},{"ref":"11.18","t":"When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixed duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter <em>disorganisation</em>."},{"ref":"11.19","t":"When a general, unable to estimate the enemy’s strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be a <em>rout</em>."},{"ref":"11.20","t":"These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post."},{"ref":"11.21","t":"The natural formation of the country is the soldier’s best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a great general."},{"ref":"11.22","t":"He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practises them, will surely be defeated."},{"ref":"11.23","t":"If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler’s bidding."},{"ref":"11.24","t":"The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom."},{"ref":"11.25","t":"Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look on them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death."},{"ref":"11.26","t":"If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose."},{"ref":"11.27","t":"If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory."},{"ref":"11.28","t":"If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory."},{"ref":"11.29","t":"If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory."},{"ref":"11.30","t":"Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss."},{"ref":"11.31","t":"Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS"},{"ref":"12.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: The art of war recognises nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground."},{"ref":"12.2","t":"When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground."},{"ref":"12.3","t":"When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground."},{"ref":"12.4","t":"Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground."},{"ref":"12.5","t":"Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground."},{"ref":"12.6","t":"Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is ground of intersecting highways."},{"ref":"12.7","t":"When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground."},{"ref":"12.8","t":"Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens — all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground."},{"ref":"12.9","t":"Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground."},{"ref":"12.10","t":"Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground."},{"ref":"12.11","t":"On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not."},{"ref":"12.12","t":"On open ground, do not try to block the enemy’s way. On ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies."},{"ref":"12.13","t":"On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march."},{"ref":"12.14","t":"On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight."},{"ref":"12.15","t":"Those who were called skilful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy’s front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men."},{"ref":"12.16","t":"When the enemy’s men were scattered, they prevented them from concentrating; even when their forces were united, they managed to keep them in disorder."},{"ref":"12.17","t":"When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still."},{"ref":"12.18","t":"If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: “Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will.”"},{"ref":"12.19","t":"Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy’s unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots."},{"ref":"12.20","t":"The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you."},{"ref":"12.21","t":"Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food."},{"ref":"12.22","t":"Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans."},{"ref":"12.23","t":"Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength."},{"ref":"12.24","t":"Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in the heart of a hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard."},{"ref":"12.25","t":"Thus, without waiting to be marshalled, the soldiers will be constantly on the <em>qui vive;</em> without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted."},{"ref":"12.26","t":"Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared."},{"ref":"12.27","t":"If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity."},{"ref":"12.28","t":"On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei."},{"ref":"12.29","t":"The skilful tactician may be likened to the <em>shuai-jan</em>. Now the <em>shuai-jan</em> is a snake that is found in the Ch’ang mountains. Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head and tail both."},{"ref":"12.30","t":"Asked if an army can be made to imitate the <em>shuai-jan</em>, I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yüeh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other’s assistance just as the left hand helps the right."},{"ref":"12.31","t":"Hence it is not enough to put one’s trust in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground."},{"ref":"12.32","t":"The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach."},{"ref":"12.33","t":"How to make the best of both strong and weak — that is a question involving the proper use of ground."},{"ref":"12.34","t":"Thus the skilful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand."},{"ref":"12.35","t":"It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order."},{"ref":"12.36","t":"He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance."},{"ref":"12.37","t":"By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose."},{"ref":"12.38","t":"At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand."},{"ref":"12.39","t":"He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and none knows whither he is going."},{"ref":"12.40","t":"To muster his host and bring it into danger: — this may be termed the business of the general."},{"ref":"12.41","t":"The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied."},{"ref":"12.42","t":"When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion."},{"ref":"12.43","t":"When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighbourhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways."},{"ref":"12.44","t":"When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground."},{"ref":"12.45","t":"When you have the enemy’s strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground."},{"ref":"12.46","t":"Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army."},{"ref":"12.47","t":"On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear."},{"ref":"12.48","t":"On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defences. On ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances."},{"ref":"12.49","t":"On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road."},{"ref":"12.50","t":"On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives."},{"ref":"12.51","t":"For it is the soldier’s disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger."},{"ref":"12.52","t":"We cannot enter into alliance with neighbouring princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country — its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides."},{"ref":"12.53","t":"To be ignorant of any one of the following four or five principles does not befit a warlike prince."},{"ref":"12.54","t":"When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy’s forces. He overawes his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him."},{"ref":"12.55","t":"Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms."},{"ref":"12.56","t":"Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to do with but a single man."},{"ref":"12.57","t":"Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy."},{"ref":"12.58","t":"Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety."},{"ref":"12.59","t":"For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm’s way that is capable of striking a blow for victory."},{"ref":"12.60","t":"Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy’s purpose."},{"ref":"12.61","t":"By persistently hanging on the enemy’s flank, we shall succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief."},{"ref":"12.62","t":"This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning."},{"ref":"12.63","t":"On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries."},{"ref":"12.64","t":"Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation."},{"ref":"12.65","t":"If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in."},{"ref":"12.66","t":"Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground."},{"ref":"12.67","t":"Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle."},{"ref":"12.68","t":"At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE"},{"ref":"13.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp; the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn baggage-trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines; the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy."},{"ref":"13.2","t":"In order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. The material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness."},{"ref":"13.3","t":"There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for starting a conflagration."},{"ref":"13.4","t":"The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days are those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind."},{"ref":"13.5","t":"In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments:"},{"ref":"13.6","t":"(1) When fire breaks out inside the enemy’s camp, respond at once with an attack from without."},{"ref":"13.7","t":"(2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy’s soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack."},{"ref":"13.8","t":"(3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are."},{"ref":"13.9","t":"(4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favourable moment."},{"ref":"13.10","t":"(5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from the leeward."},{"ref":"13.11","t":"A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls."},{"ref":"13.12","t":"In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days."},{"ref":"13.13","t":"Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence; those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength."},{"ref":"13.14","t":"By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belongings."},{"ref":"13.15","t":"Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time and general stagnation."},{"ref":"13.16","t":"Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources."},{"ref":"13.17","t":"Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless there is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical."},{"ref":"13.18","t":"No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique."},{"ref":"13.19","t":"If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you are."},{"ref":"13.20","t":"Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content."},{"ref":"13.21","t":"But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being; nor can the dead ever be brought back to life."},{"ref":"13.22","t":"Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution. This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"XIII. THE USE OF SPIES"},{"ref":"14.1","t":"SUN TZŬ said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver. There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on the highways. As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in their labor."},{"ref":"14.2","t":"Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy’s condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred ounces of silver in honours and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity."},{"ref":"14.3","t":"One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign, no master of victory."},{"ref":"14.4","t":"Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is <em>foreknowledge</em>."},{"ref":"14.5","t":"Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits; it cannot be obtained inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation."},{"ref":"14.6","t":"Knowledge of the enemy’s dispositions can only be obtained from other men."},{"ref":"14.7","t":"Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies."},{"ref":"14.8","t":"When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the secret system. This is called “divine manipulation of the threads.” It is the sovereign’s most precious faculty."},{"ref":"14.9","t":"Having <em>local spies</em> means employing the services of the inhabitants of a district."},{"ref":"14.10","t":"Having <em>inward spies</em>, making use of officials of the enemy."},{"ref":"14.11","t":"Having <em>converted spies</em>, getting hold of the enemy’s spies and using them for our own purposes."},{"ref":"14.12","t":"Having <em>doomed spies</em>, doing certain things openly for purposes of deception, and allowing our own spies to know of them and report them to the enemy."},{"ref":"14.13","t":"<em>Surviving spies</em>, finally, are those who bring back news from the enemy’s camp."},{"ref":"14.14","t":"Hence it is that with none in the whole army are more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies. None should be more liberally rewarded. In no other business should greater secrecy be preserved."},{"ref":"14.15","t":"Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive sagacity."},{"ref":"14.16","t":"They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and straightforwardness."},{"ref":"14.17","t":"Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of their reports."},{"ref":"14.18","t":"Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of business."},{"ref":"14.19","t":"If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told."},{"ref":"14.20","t":"Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants, the aides-de-camp, the door-keepers and sentries of the general in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these."},{"ref":"14.21","t":"The enemy’s spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted spies and available for our service."},{"ref":"14.22","t":"It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ local and inward spies."},{"ref":"14.23","t":"It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy."},{"ref":"14.24","t":"Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on appointed occasions."},{"ref":"14.25","t":"The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy. Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality."},{"ref":"14.26","t":"Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due to Lü Ya who had served under the Yin."},{"ref":"14.27","t":"Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying and thereby they achieve great results. Spies are a most important element in war, because on them depends an army’s ability to move."}],"footnotes":[]},{"meta":{"key":"aow-d","en":"The Art of War","gr":"孫子兵法","color":"#8c4a3f","author":"Sun Tzu","kind":"treatise","hidden":true},"text":{"title":"The Art of War","greek":"孫子兵法","translator":"","kind":"treatise","reference":{"label":"Section","abbr":"§","placeholder":"e.g. 2.5"},"transPair":{"a":"aow","b":"aow-b","c":"aow-c","d":"aow-d","e":"aow-e"},"transSelf":"d"},"content":[{"sp":"HDR","t":"Original Chinese text 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","t":"Wuxi, a city in southern Jiangsu, the capital of the ancient state of Wu — another possible birthplace of Sun Tzu"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 1."},{"ref":"2.1","t":"始計第一"},{"ref":"2.2","t":"孫子曰：兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。故經之以五事，校之以七計，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將，五曰法。"},{"ref":"2.3","t":"道者，令民與上同意，可與之死，可與之生，而不畏危也。天者，陰陽、寒暑、時制也。地者，高下、遠近、險易、廣狹、死生也。將者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知者不勝。故校之以七計而索其情，曰：主孰有道？將孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵眾孰強？士卒孰練？賞罰孰明？吾以此知勝負矣。"},{"ref":"2.4","t":"將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之；將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。勢者，因利而制權也。兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近。利而誘之，亂而取之，實而備之，強而避之，怒而撓之，卑而驕之，佚而勞之，親而離之。攻其無備，出其不意。此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。"},{"ref":"2.5","t":"夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。多算勝，少算不勝，而況於無算乎？吾以此觀之，勝負見矣。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 2."},{"ref":"3.1","t":"作戰第二"},{"ref":"3.2","t":"孫子曰：凡用兵之法，馳車千駟，革車千乘，帶甲十萬，千里饋糧，則內外之費，賓客之用，膠漆之材，車甲之奉，日費千金，然後十萬之師舉矣。其用戰也，貴勝，久則鈍兵挫銳，攻城則力屈，久暴師則國用不足。夫鈍兵挫銳，屈力殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，雖有智者，不能善其後矣。故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而國利者，未之有也。故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。"},{"ref":"3.3","t":"善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不三載；取用於國，因糧於敵，故軍食可足也。"},{"ref":"3.4","t":"國之貧於師者遠輸，遠輸則百姓貧；近師者貴賣，貴賣則百姓財竭，財竭則急於丘役。力屈財殫，中原內虛於家。百姓之費，十去其七；公家之費，破車罷馬，甲胄矢弩，戟楯蔽櫓，丘牛大車，十去其六。"},{"ref":"3.5","t":"故智將務食於敵，食敵一鍾，當吾二十鍾；萁稈一石，當吾二十石。"},{"ref":"3.6","t":"故殺敵者，怒也；取敵之利者，貨也。故車戰，得車十乘以上，賞其先得者，而更其旌旗。車雜而乘之，卒善而養之，是謂勝敵而益強。"},{"ref":"3.7","t":"故兵貴勝，不貴久。故知兵之將，民之司命，國家安危之主也。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 3."},{"ref":"4.1","t":"謀攻第三"},{"ref":"4.2","t":"孫子曰：凡用兵之法，全國為上，破國次之；全軍為上，破軍次之；全旅為上，破旅次之；全卒為上，破卒次之；全伍為上，破伍次之。是故百戰百勝，非善之善者也；不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也。"},{"ref":"4.3","t":"故上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法，為不得已。修櫓轒轀，具器械，三月而後成；距闉，又三月而後已。將不勝其忿，而蟻附之，殺士三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之災也。"},{"ref":"4.4","t":"故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非戰也，拔人之城而非攻也，毀人之國而非久也，必以全爭於天下，故兵不頓而利可全，此謀攻之法也。"},{"ref":"4.5","t":"故用兵之法，十則圍之，五則攻之，倍則分之，敵則能戰之，少則能守之，不若則能避之。故小敵之堅，大敵之擒也。"},{"ref":"4.6","t":"夫將者，國之輔也。輔周則國必強，輔隙則國必弱。"},{"ref":"4.7","t":"故君之所以患於軍者三：不知軍之不可以進而謂之進，不知軍之不可以退而謂之退，是為縻軍；不知三軍之事，而同三軍之政，則軍士惑矣；不知三軍之權，而同三軍之任，則軍士疑矣。三軍既惑且疑，則諸侯之難至矣，是謂亂軍引勝。"},{"ref":"4.8","t":"故知勝有五：知可以戰與不可以戰者勝，識衆寡之用者勝，上下同欲者勝，以虞待不虞者勝，將能而君不御者勝。此五者，知勝之道也。"},{"ref":"4.9","t":"故曰：知彼知己，百戰不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼不知己，每戰必殆。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 4."},{"ref":"5.1","t":"軍形第四"},{"ref":"5.2","t":"孫子曰：昔之善戰者，先為不可勝，以待敵之可勝。不可勝在己，可勝在敵。故善戰者，能為不可勝，不能使敵之必可勝。故曰：勝可知，而不可為。"},{"ref":"5.3","t":"不可勝者，守也；可勝者，攻也。守則不足，攻則有餘。善守者，藏於九地之下；善攻者，動於九天之上，故能自保而全勝也。"},{"ref":"5.4","t":"見勝不過衆人之所知，非善之善者也；戰勝而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故舉秋毫不為多力，見日月不為明目，聞雷霆不為聰耳。"},{"ref":"5.5","t":"古之所謂善戰者，勝於易勝者也。故善戰者之勝也，無智名，無勇功。故其戰勝不忒。不忒者，其所措必勝，勝已敗者也。故善戰者，立於不敗之地，而不失敵之敗也。是故勝兵先勝而後求戰，敗兵先戰而後求勝。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能為勝敗之政。"},{"ref":"5.6","t":"兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數，四曰稱，五曰勝。地生度，度生量，量生數，數生稱，稱生勝。故勝兵若以鎰稱銖，敗兵若以銖稱鎰。勝者之戰民也，若決積水於千仞之溪者，形也。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 5."},{"ref":"6.1","t":"兵勢第五"},{"ref":"6.2","t":"孫子曰：凡治衆如治寡，分數是也；鬥衆如鬥寡，形名是也；三軍之衆，可使必受敵而無敗者，奇正是也；兵之所加，如以碫投卵者，虛實是也。"},{"ref":"6.3","t":"凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。故善出奇者，無窮如天地，不竭如江海。終而復始，日月是也。死而復生，四時是也。聲不過五，五聲之變，不可勝聽也；色不過五，五色之變，不可勝觀也；味不過五，五味之變，不可勝嘗也；戰勢不過奇正，奇正之變，不可勝窮也。奇正相生，如循環之無端，孰能窮之哉？"},{"ref":"6.4","t":"激水之疾，至於漂石者，勢也；鷙鳥之疾，至於毀折者，節也。故善戰者，其勢險，其節短。勢如彍弩，節如發機。"},{"ref":"6.5","t":"紛紛紜紜，鬥亂而不可亂也；渾渾沌沌，形圓而不可敗也。亂生於治，怯生於勇，弱生於強。治亂，數也；勇怯，勢也；強弱，形也。"},{"ref":"6.6","t":"故善動敵者，形之，敵必從之；予之，敵必取之。以利動之，以卒待之。"},{"ref":"6.7","t":"故善戰者，求之於勢，不責於人，故能擇人而任勢。任勢者，其戰人也，如轉木石。木石之性，安則靜，危則動，方則止，圓則行。故善戰人之勢，如轉圓石於千仞之山者，勢也。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 6."},{"ref":"7.1","t":"虛實第六"},{"ref":"7.2","t":"孫子曰：凡先處戰地而待敵者佚，後處戰地而趨戰者勞。故善戰者，致人而不致於人。"},{"ref":"7.3","t":"能使敵自至者，利之也；能使敵不得至者，害之也。故敵佚能勞之，飽能饑之，安能動之。出其所不趨，趨其所不意。"},{"ref":"7.4","t":"行千里而不勞者，行於無人之地也。攻而必取者，攻其所不守也；守而必固者，守其所不攻也。故善攻者，敵不知其所守；善守者，敵不知其所攻。微乎微乎！至于無形；神乎神乎！至于無聲，故能為敵之司命。"},{"ref":"7.5","t":"進而不可禦者，沖其虛也；退而不可追者，速而不可及也。故我欲戰，敵雖高壘深溝，不得不與我戰者，攻其所必救也；我不欲戰，雖畫地而守之，敵不得與我戰者，乖其所之也。"},{"ref":"7.6","t":"故形人而我無形，則我專而敵分。我專為一，敵分為十，是以十攻其一也，則我衆而敵寡。能以衆擊寡者，則吾之所與戰者，約矣。吾所與戰之地不可知，不可知，則敵所備者多，敵所備者多，則吾之所與戰者寡矣。故備前則後寡，備後則前寡，備左則右寡，備右則左寡，無所不備，則無所不寡。寡者，備人者也；衆者，使人備己者也。"},{"ref":"7.7","t":"故知戰之地，知戰之日，則可千里而會戰；不知戰之地，不知戰之日，則左不能救右，右不能救左，前不能救後，後不能救前，而況遠者數十里，近者數里乎！以吾度之，越人之兵雖多，亦奚益於勝敗哉！故曰：勝可擅也。敵雖衆，可使無鬥。"},{"ref":"7.8","t":"故策之而知得失之計，作之而知動靜之理，形之而知死生之地，角之而知有餘不足之處。故形兵之極，至於無形。無形，則深間不能窺，智者不能謀。因形而措勝於衆，衆不能知。人皆知我所以勝之形，而莫知吾所以制勝之形。故其戰勝不復，而應形於無窮。"},{"ref":"7.9","t":"夫兵形象水，水之行，避高而趨下；兵之勝，避實而擊虛。水因地而制行，兵因敵而制勝。故兵無成勢，無恒形，能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神。故五行無常勝，四時無常位，日有短長，月有死生。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 7."},{"ref":"8.1","t":"軍爭第七"},{"ref":"8.2","t":"孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命於君，合軍聚衆，交和而舍，莫難於軍爭。軍爭之難者，以迂為直，以患為利。故迂其途，而誘之以利，後人發，先人至，此知迂直之計者也。"},{"ref":"8.3","t":"故軍爭為利，軍爭為危。舉軍而爭利，則不及；委軍而爭利，則輜重捐。是故卷甲而趨，日夜不處，倍道兼行，百里而爭利，則擒三軍將，勁者先，疲者後，其法十一而至；五十里而爭利，則蹶上軍將，其法半至；三十里而爭利，則三分之二至。是故軍無輜重則亡，無糧食則亡，無委積則亡。故不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交；不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；不用鄉導者，不能得地利。"},{"ref":"8.4","t":"故兵以詐立，以利動，以分合為變者也。故其疾如風，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不動如山，難知如陰，動如雷震。掠鄉分衆，廓地分利，懸權而動。先知迂直之計者勝，此軍爭之法也。"},{"ref":"8.5","t":"《軍政》曰：「言不相聞，故為金鼓；視不相見，故為旌旗。」夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一民之耳目也。民既專一，則勇者不得獨進，怯者不得獨退，此用衆之法也。故夜戰多金鼓，晝戰多旌旗，所以變人之耳目也。"},{"ref":"8.6","t":"三軍可奪氣，將軍可奪心。是故朝氣銳，晝氣惰，暮氣歸。故善用兵者，避其銳氣，擊其惰歸，此治氣者也；以治待亂，以靜待嘩，此治心者也；以近待遠，以佚待勞，以飽待饑，此治力者也；無邀正正之旗，無擊堂堂之陣，此治變者也。"},{"ref":"8.7","t":"故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿從，銳卒勿攻，餌兵勿食，歸師勿遏，圍師必闕，窮寇勿迫，此用兵之法也。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 8."},{"ref":"9.1","t":"九變第八"},{"ref":"9.2","t":"孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命於君，合軍聚眾。圮地無舍，衢地合交，絕地無留，圍地則謀，死地則戰。途有所不由，軍有所不擊，城有所不攻，地有所不爭，君命有所不受。故將通於九變之利者，知用兵矣；將不通於九變之利，雖知地形，不能得地之利矣；治兵不知九變之術，雖知地利，不能得人之用矣。"},{"ref":"9.3","t":"是故智者之慮，必雜於利害，雜於利而務可信也，雜於害而患可解也。是故屈諸侯者以害，役諸侯者以業，趨諸侯者以利。"},{"ref":"9.4","t":"故用兵之法，無恃其不來，恃吾有以待之；無恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。"},{"ref":"9.5","t":"故將有五危︰必死，可殺也﹔必生，可虜也﹔忿速，可侮也﹔廉潔，可辱也﹔愛民，可煩也。凡此五者，將之過也，用兵之災也。覆軍殺將，必以五危，不可不察也。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 9."},{"ref":"10.1","t":"行軍第九"},{"ref":"10.2","t":"孫子曰：凡處軍相敵，絕山依谷，視生處高，戰隆無登，此處山之軍也。絕水必遠水，客絕水而來，勿迎之于水內，令半濟而擊之，利；欲戰者，無附于水而迎客，視生處高，無迎水流，此處水上之軍也。絕斥澤，惟亟去無留，若交軍於斥澤之中，必依水草，而背衆樹，此處斥澤之軍也。平陸處易，而右背高，前死後生，此處平陸之軍也。凡此四軍之利，黃帝之所以勝四帝也。"},{"ref":"10.3","t":"凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰，養生而處實，軍無百疾，是謂必勝。丘陵堤防，必處其陽，而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。上雨，水沫至，欲涉者，待其定也。"},{"ref":"10.4","t":"凡地有絕澗，遇天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾遠之，敵近之；吾迎之，敵背之。軍旁有險阻、潢井、葭葦、林木、蘙薈者，必謹覆索之，此伏奸之所處也。"},{"ref":"10.5","t":"敵近而靜者，恃其險也；遠而挑戰者，欲人之進也；其所居易者，利也；衆樹動者，來也；衆草多障者，疑也；鳥起者，伏也；獸駭者，覆也；塵高而銳者，車來也；卑而廣者，徒來也；散而條達者，樵采也；少而往來者，營軍也；辭卑而益備者，進也；辭強而進驅者，退也；輕車先出，居其側者，陣也；無約而請和者，謀也；奔走而陳兵者，期也；半進半退者，誘也；杖而立者，饑也；汲而先飲者，渴也；見利而不進者，勞也；鳥集者，虛也；夜呼者，恐也；軍擾者，將不重也；旌旗動者，亂也；吏怒者，倦也；粟馬肉食，軍無懸缻，而不返其舍者，窮寇也；諄諄翕翕，徐與人言者，失衆也；數賞者，窘也；數罰者，困也；先暴而後畏其衆者，不精之至也；來委謝者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必謹察之。"},{"ref":"10.6","t":"故兵非貴益多也，惟無武進，足以併力、料敵、取人而已。夫惟無慮而易敵者，必擒於人。"},{"ref":"10.7","t":"卒未親附而罰之，則不服，不服則難用也。卒已親附而罰不行，則不可用也。故令之以文，齊之以武，是謂必取。令素行以教其民，則民服；令素不行以教其民，則民不服。令素行者，與衆相得也。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 10."},{"ref":"11.1","t":"地形第十"},{"ref":"11.2","t":"孫子曰：凡地形有通者、有掛者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠者。我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利。可以往，難以返，曰掛。掛形者，敵無備，出而勝之；敵若有備，出而不勝，難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之，利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵；若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。遠形者，勢均，難以挑戰，戰而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。"},{"ref":"11.3","t":"故兵有走者、有弛者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者，非天之災，將之過也。夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走；卒强吏弱，曰弛；吏强卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能，曰崩；將弱不嚴，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂；將不能料敵，以少合衆，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。"},{"ref":"11.4","t":"夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵制勝，計險厄遠近，上將之道也。知此而用戰者必勝，不知此而用戰者必敗。故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必戰可也；戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也。是故進不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利合於主，國之寶也。"},{"ref":"11.5","t":"視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深溪；視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。厚而不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。"},{"ref":"11.6","t":"知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可以戰，勝之半也。故知兵者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。故曰：知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃可全。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 11."},{"ref":"12.1","t":"九地第十一"},{"ref":"12.2","t":"孫子曰：凡用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有圍地，有死地。諸侯自戰其地者，為散地；入人之地而不深者，為輕地；我得則利，彼得亦利者，為爭地；我可以往，彼可以來者，為交地；諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下之衆者，為衢地；入人之地深，背城邑多者，為重地；山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，為圮地；所由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊吾之衆者，為圍地；疾戰則存，不疾戰則亡者，為死地。是故散地則無戰，輕地則無止，爭地則無攻，交地則無絕，衢地則合交，重地則掠，圮地則行，圍地則謀，死地則戰。"},{"ref":"12.3","t":"所謂古之善用兵者，能使敵人前後不相及，衆寡不相恃，貴賤不相救，上下不相收，卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。合於利而動，不合於利而止。敢問︰「敵衆整而將來，待之若何？」曰：「先奪其所愛，則聽矣。」故兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。"},{"ref":"12.4","t":"凡為客之道，深入則專，主人不克。掠于饒野，三軍足食。謹養而勿勞，併氣積力，運兵計謀，為不可測。投之無所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人盡力。兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已則鬥。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信。禁祥去疑，至死無所之。吾士無餘財，非惡貨也；無餘命，非惡壽也。令發之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者淚交頤。投之無所往者，則諸、劌之勇也。"},{"ref":"12.5","t":"故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。敢問︰「兵可使如率然乎？」曰︰「可。夫吳人與越人相惡也，當其同舟而濟。遇風，其相救也，如左右手。」是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也；齊勇如一，政之道也；剛柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。"},{"ref":"12.6","t":"將軍之事，靜以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知；易其事，革其謀，使人無識；易其居，迂其途，使人不得慮。帥與之期，如登高而去其梯；帥與之深入諸侯之地，而發其機，焚舟破釜，若驅群羊。驅而往，驅而來，莫知所之。聚三軍之衆，投之於險，此謂將軍之事也。九地之變，屈伸之利，人情之理，不可不察也。"},{"ref":"12.7","t":"凡為客之道，深則專，淺則散。去國越境而師者，絕地也；四達者，衢地也；入深者，重地也；入淺者，輕地也；背固前隘者，圍地也；無所往者，死地也。是故散地，吾將一其志；輕地，吾將使之屬；爭地，吾將趨其後；交地，吾將謹其守；衢地，吾將固其結；重地，吾將繼其食；圮地，吾將進其途；圍地，吾將塞其闕；死地，吾將示之以不活。故兵之情：圍則禦，不得已則鬥，過則從。"},{"ref":"12.8","t":"是故不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交；不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；不用鄉導者，不能得地利。四五者，不知一，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大國，則其衆不得聚；威加於敵，則其交不得合。是故不爭天下之交，不養天下之權，信己之私，威加於敵，則其城可拔，其國可隳。施無法之賞，懸無政之令。犯三軍之衆，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以利，勿告以害。投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後生。夫衆陷於害，然後能為勝敗。故為兵之事，在於佯順敵之意，併敵一向，千里殺將，是謂巧能成事者也。"},{"ref":"12.9","t":"是故政舉之日，夷關折符，無通其使；厲於廊廟之上，以誅其事。敵人開闔，必亟入之，先其所愛，微與之期，踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。是故始如處女，敵人開戶；後如脫兔，敵不及拒。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 12."},{"ref":"13.1","t":"火攻第十二"},{"ref":"13.2","t":"孫子曰：凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火積，三曰火輜，四曰火庫，五曰火隊。行火必有因，烟火必素具。發火有時，起火有日。時者，天之燥也。日者，月在箕、壁、翼、軫也。凡此四宿者，風起之日也。"},{"ref":"13.3","t":"凡火攻，必因五火之變而應之：火發於內，則早應之於外；火發而其兵靜者，待而勿攻，極其火力，可從而從之，不可從則止；火可發於外，無待於內，以時發之；火發上風，無攻下風；晝風久，夜風止。凡軍必知有五火之變，以數守之。故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者強。水可以絕，不可以奪。"},{"ref":"13.4","t":"夫戰勝攻取，而不修其功者凶，命曰「費留」。故曰：明主慮之，良將修之，非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰。主不可以怒而興師，將不可以慍而致戰。合於利而動，不合於利而止。怒可以復喜，慍可以復悅，亡國不可以復存，死者不可以復生。故明主慎之，良將警之，此安國全軍之道也。"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER 13."},{"ref":"14.1","t":"用間第十三"},{"ref":"14.2","t":"孫子曰：凡興師十萬，出征千里，百姓之費，公家之奉，日費千金，內外騷動，怠于道路，不得操事者，七十萬家。相守數年，以爭一日之勝，而愛爵祿百金，不知敵之情者，不仁之至也，非人之將也，非主之佐也，非勝之主也。故明君賢將，所以動而勝人，成功出於眾者，先知也。先知者，不可取於鬼神，不可象於事，不可驗於度，必取於人，知敵之情者也。"},{"ref":"14.3","t":"故用間有五：有鄉間，有內間，有反間，有死間，有生間。五間俱起，莫知其道，是謂「神紀」，人君之寶也。鄉間者，因其鄉人而用之；內間者，因其官人而用之；反間者，因其敵間而用之；死間者，為誑事於外，令吾間知之，而傳於敵間也；生間者，反報也。"},{"ref":"14.4","t":"故三軍之事，莫親於間，賞莫厚於間，事莫密於間，非聖智不能用間，非仁義不能使間，非微妙不能得間之實。微哉！微哉！無所不用間也。間事未發而先聞者，間與所告者皆死。"},{"ref":"14.5","t":"凡軍之所欲擊，城之所欲攻，人之所欲殺，必先知其守將、左右、謁者、門者、舍人之姓名，令吾間必索知之。必索敵人之間來間我者，因而利之，導而舍之，故反間可得而用也；因是而知之，故鄉間、內間可得而使也；因是而知之，故死間為誑事，可使告敵；因是而知之，故生間可使如期。五間之事，主必知之，知之必在於反間，故反間不可不厚也。"},{"ref":"14.6","t":"昔殷之興也，伊摯在夏；周之興也，呂牙在殷。故明君賢將，能以上智為間者，必成大功。此兵之要，三軍之所恃而動也。"},{"ref":"14.7","t":"答話"},{"ref":"14.8","t":"「吳王謂子胥、孫武曰：『始子言郢不可入，今果何如？』二將曰：『夫戰，借勝以成其威，非常勝之道。』吳王曰：『何謂也？』二將曰：『楚之為兵，天下彊敵也。今臣與之爭鋒，十亡一存，而王入郢者，天也，臣不敢必。』吳王曰：『吾欲復擊楚，奈何而有功？』伍胥、孫武曰：『囊瓦者，貪而多過於諸侯，而唐、蔡怨之。王必伐，得唐、蔡。』」"},{"ref":"14.9","t":"吳王問孫武曰：「散地士卒顧家，不可與戰，則必固守不出。若敵攻我小城，掠吾田野，禁吾樵採，塞吾要道，待吾空虛而急來攻，則如之何？」武曰：「敵人深入吾都，多背城邑，士卒以軍為家，專志輕鬥。吾兵在國，安土懷生，以陣則不堅，以鬥則不勝，當集人合衆，聚穀蓄帛，保城備險，遣輕兵絶其糧道，彼挑戰不得，轉輸不至，野無所掠，三軍困餒，因而誘之，可以有功。若與野戰，則必因勢，依險設伏，無險則隱於天氣陰晦昏霧，出其不意，襲擊懈怠，可以有功。」"},{"ref":"14.10","t":"吳王問孫武曰：「吾至輕地，始入敵境，士卒思還，難進易退，未背險阻，三軍恐懼，大將欲進，士卒欲退，上下異心，敵守其城壘，整其車騎，或當吾前，或擊吾後，則如之何？」武曰：「軍至輕地，士卒未專，以入為務。無以戰為故，無近其名城，無由其通路，設疑徉惑，示若將去，乃選驍騎，銜枚先入，掠其牛馬六畜。三軍見得，進乃不懼。分吾良卒，密有所伏。敵人若來，擊之勿疑。若其不至，舍之而去。」"},{"ref":"14.11","t":"吳王問孫武曰：「爭地，敵先至，據要保利，簡兵練卒，或出或守，以備我奇，則如之何？」武曰：「爭地之法，讓之者得，爭之者失。敵得其處，慎勿攻之。引而佯走，建旗鳴鼓，趨其所愛，曳柴揚塵，惑其耳目。分吾良卒，密有所伏，敵必出救。人慾我與，人棄吾取。此爭先之道。若我先至而敵用此術，則選吾銳卒，固守其所，輕兵追之，分伏險阻。敵人還鬥，伏兵旁起，此全勝之道也。」"},{"ref":"14.12","t":"吳王問孫武曰：「交地，吾將絶敵，令不得來，必全吾邊城，修其所備，深絶通道，固其隘塞。若不先圖，敵人已備，彼可得來，而吾不可往，為寡又均，則如之何？」武曰：「既我不可以往彼可以來，吾分卒匿之，守而易怠，示其不能，敵人且至，設伏隱廬，出其不意，可以有功也。」"},{"ref":"14.13","t":"吳王問孫武曰：「衢地必先，吾道遠，發後，雖馳車驟馬，至不能先，則如之何？」武曰：「諸侯參屬，其道四通，我與敵相當，而傍有國。所謂先者，必重幣輕使，約和傍國，交親結恩，兵雖後至，為以屬矣。簡兵練卒，阻利而處，親吾軍事，實吾資糧，令吾車騎出入膽候。我有衆助，彼失其黨，諸國犄角，震鼓齊攻，敵人驚恐，莫知所當。」"},{"ref":"14.14","t":"吳王問孫武曰：「吾引兵深入重地，多所逾越，糧道絶塞，設欲歸還，勢不可過，欲食於敵，持兵不失，則如之何？」武曰：「凡居重地，士卒輕勇，轉輪不通，則掠以繼食。下得粟帛，皆貢於上，多者有賞，士無歸意。若欲還出，切實戒備，深溝高壘，示敵且久，敵疑通途，私除要害之道，乃令輕車銜枚而行，塵埃氣揚，以牛馬為餌。敵人若出，鳴鼓隨之，陰伏吾士，與之中期。內外相應，其敗可知。」"},{"ref":"14.15","t":"吳王問孫武曰：「吾入圮地，山川險阻，難從之道，行久卒勞，敵在吾前，而伏吾後，營居吾左，而守吾右，良車驍騎，要吾隘道，則如之何？」武曰：「先進輕車，去軍十裏，與敵相候。接期險阻，或分而左，或分而右，大將四觀，擇空而取，皆會中道，倦而乃止。」 吳王問孫武曰：「吾入圍地，前有強敵，後有險難，敵絶糧道，利我走勢，敵鼓噪不進，以觀吾能，則如之何？」武曰：「圍地之宜，必塞其闕，示無所往，則以軍？家，萬人同心。三軍齊力，並炊數日，無見火煙，故？毀亂寡弱之形，敵人見我，備之必輕。告勵士卒，令其奮怒。陣伏良卒，左右險阻，擊鼓而出，敵人若當，疾擊務突，前鬥後拓，左右犄角。」"},{"ref":"14.16","t":"又問曰：「敵在吾圍，伏而深謀，示我以利，縈我以旗，紛紛若亂，不知所之，奈何？」武曰：「千人操旌，分塞要道，輕兵進挑，陣而勿搏，交而勿去，此敗謀之法。」"},{"ref":"14.17","t":"又曰：「軍入敵境，敵人固壘不戰，士卒思歸，欲退且難，謂之輕地。當選驍騎伏要路，我退敵追，來則擊之也。」"},{"ref":"14.18","t":"吳王問孫武曰：「吾師出境，軍於敵人之地，敵人大至，圍我數重。欲突以出，四塞不通，欲勵士勵衆，使之投命潰圍，則如之何？」武曰：「深溝高壘，示衆守備，安靜勿動，以隱吾能，告令三軍，示不得已，殺牛燔車，以饗吾士，燒盡糧食，填夷井實，割發捐冠，絶去生慮，將無餘謀，士有死志，於是砥甲礪刃，並氣一力，或攻兩勞，震鼓疾噪，敵人亦懼，莫知所當，銳卒分兵，疾攻其後，此是失道而求生。故曰：困而不謀者窮，窮而不戰者亡。」吳王曰：「若我圍敵，則如之何？」武曰：「山峻谷險，難以逾越，謂之窮寇。擊之之法，伏卒隱廬，開其去道，示其走路，求生逃出，必無鬥志。因而擊之，雖衆必破。《兵法》又曰：若敵人在死地，士卒勇氣，欲擊之法，順而勿抗，陰守其利，絶其糧道，恐有奇隱而不睹，使吾弓弩俱守其所。」按︰何氏引此文，亦云「兵法曰」，則知問答之詞亦在八十二篇之內也。"},{"ref":"14.19","t":"吳王問孫武曰：「敵勇不懼，驕而無虞，兵眾而強，圖之奈何？」武曰：「詘而待之，以順其意，令無省覺，以益其懈怠。因敵遷移，潛伏候待，前行不瞻，後往不顧，中而擊之，雖衆可取。攻驕之道，不可爭鋒。」"},{"ref":"14.20","t":"吳王問孫武曰：「敵人保據山險，擅利而處之，糧食又足，挑之則不出，乘間則侵掠，為之奈何？」武曰：「分兵守要，謹備勿懈；潛探其情，密候其怠；以利誘之，禁其樵採。久無所得，自然變改；待離其固，奪其所愛。敵據險隘，我能破之也。」"},{"ref":"14.21","t":"孫子曰：「將者︰智也，仁也，敬也，信也，勇也，嚴也。」是故智以折敵，仁以附衆，敬以招賢，信以必賞，勇以益氣，嚴以一令。故折敵，則能合變；衆附，則思力戰；賢智集，則陰謀利；賞罰必，則士盡力；氣勇益，則兵威令自倍；威令一，則惟將所使。"},{"ref":"14.22","t":"《孫子占》曰：「三軍將行，其旌旗從容以向前，是為天送，必亟擊之，得其大將。三軍將行，其旌旗墊然音店若雨，是為天霑，其帥失。三軍將行，旌旗亂於上，東西南北無所主方，其軍不還。三軍將陣，雨師，是為浴師，勿用陣戰。三軍將戰，有云其上而赤，勿用陣，先陣戰者，莫復其迹。三軍方行，大風飄起於軍前，右周絶軍，其將亡；右周中，其師得糧。」"},{"ref":"14.23","t":"又按︰《北堂書鈔》引《孫子兵法》云︰「貴之而無驕，委之而不專，扶之而無隱，危之而不懼。故良將之動心，猶璧玉之不可污也。」《太平御覽》以為出諸葛亮《兵要》。又引《孫子兵法祕要》云︰「良將思計如飢，所以戰必勝，攻必克也。」按︰《兵法祕要》，孫子無其書。魏武有《兵法接要》一卷，或亦名為《孫子兵法接要》，猶魏武所作《兵法》，亦名為《續孫子兵法》也。《北堂書鈔》又引《孫子兵法論》云︰「非文無以平治，非武無以治亂。善用兵者，有三畧焉︰上畧伐智，中畧伐義，下畧伐勢。」按︰此亦不似孫武語，蓋後世兵多祖孫武，故作《兵法論》，即名為《孫子兵法論》也。附識於此，以備考。"}],"footnotes":[]},{"meta":{"key":"aow-e","en":"The Art of War","gr":"孫子兵法","color":"#8c4a3f","author":"Sun Tzu","kind":"treatise","hidden":true},"text":{"title":"The Art of War","greek":"孫子兵法","translator":"Chinese & English — Lionel Giles, 1910","kind":"treatise","reference":{"label":"Section","abbr":"§","placeholder":"e.g. 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"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"Dual Traditional Chinese and English Text"},{"ref":"1.1","t":"<em>Translated by Lionel Giles, 1910</em>"},{"ref":"1.2","t":"In this section, readers can view a section by section text of <em>The Art of War</em>, alternating between the Traditional Chinese and Giles’ English translation."},{"ref":"1.4","t":"CHAPTER I. LAYING PLANS."},{"ref":"1.5","t":"CHAPTER II. WAGING WAR."},{"ref":"1.6","t":"CHAPTER III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM."},{"ref":"1.7","t":"CHAPTER IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS."},{"ref":"1.8","t":"CHAPTER V. ENERGY."},{"ref":"1.9","t":"CHAPTER VII. MANŒUVRING.","gr":"CHAPTER VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG."},{"ref":"1.10","t":"CHAPTER VIII. VARIATION OF TACTICS."},{"ref":"1.11","t":"CHAPTER IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH."},{"ref":"1.12","t":"CHAPTER X. TERRAIN."},{"ref":"1.13","t":"CHAPTER XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS."},{"ref":"1.14","t":"CHAPTER XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE."},{"ref":"1.15","t":"CHAPTER XIII. THE USE OF SPIES."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER I. LAYING PLANS."},{"ref":"2.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.","gr":"計篇\n1. 孫子曰兵者國之大事"},{"ref":"2.2","t":"It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.","gr":"2. 死生之地存亡之道不可不察也"},{"ref":"2.3","t":"The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.","gr":"3. 故經之以五校之以計而索其情"},{"ref":"2.4","t":"These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.","gr":"4. 一曰道二曰天三曰地四曰將五曰法"},{"ref":"2.5","t":"<em>The Moral Law</em> causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.","gr":"5. 道者令民與上同意也\n6. 故可與之死可與之生而民不畏危"},{"ref":"2.6","t":"<em>Earth</em> comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.","gr":"7. 天者陰陽寒暑時制也\nHeaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.\n8. 地者遠近險易廣狹死生也"},{"ref":"2.7","t":"<em>The Commander</em> stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage and strictness.","gr":"9. 將者智信仁勇嚴也"},{"ref":"2.8","t":"By <em>Method and discipline</em> are to be understood the marshalling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the gradations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure.","gr":"10. 法者曲制官道主用也"},{"ref":"2.9","t":"These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.","gr":"11. 凡此五者將莫不聞知之者勝不知者不勝"},{"ref":"2.10","t":"Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise: —","gr":"12. 故校之以計而索其情"},{"ref":"2.11","t":"(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?","gr":"13. 曰主孰有道將孰有能天地孰得法令孰行兵衆孰强士卒孰練賞罰孰明"},{"ref":"2.12","t":"(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?"},{"ref":"2.13","t":"(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?"},{"ref":"2.14","t":"(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?"},{"ref":"2.15","t":"(5) Which army is the stronger?"},{"ref":"2.16","t":"(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?"},{"ref":"2.17","t":"(7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?"},{"ref":"2.18","t":"By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.","gr":"14. 吾以此知勝負矣"},{"ref":"2.19","t":"The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: — let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat: — let such a one be dismissed!","gr":"15. 將聽吾計用之必勝留之將不聽吾計用之必敗去之"},{"ref":"2.20","t":"While heeding the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.","gr":"16. 計利以聽乃爲之勢以佐其外"},{"ref":"2.21","t":"According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one’s plans.","gr":"17. 勢者因利而制權也"},{"ref":"2.22","t":"All warfare is based on deception.","gr":"18. 兵者詭道也"},{"ref":"2.23","t":"Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.","gr":"19. 故能而示之不能用而示之不用近而示之遠遠而示之近"},{"ref":"2.24","t":"Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.","gr":"20. 利而誘之亂而取之"},{"ref":"2.25","t":"If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him.","gr":"21. 實而備之强而避之"},{"ref":"2.26","t":"If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.","gr":"22. 怒而撓之卑而驕之"},{"ref":"2.27","t":"If he is taking his ease, give him no rest.","gr":"23. 佚而勞之親而離之"},{"ref":"2.28","t":"If his forces are united, separate them."},{"ref":"2.29","t":"Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.","gr":"24. 攻其無備出其不意"},{"ref":"2.30","t":"These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand.","gr":"25. 此兵家之勝不可先傳也"},{"ref":"2.31","t":"Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.","gr":"26. 夫未戰而廟算勝者得算多也未戰而廟算不勝者得算少也多算勝少算不勝而況於無算乎吾以此觀之勝負見矣"},{"ref":"2.32","t":"The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER II. WAGING WAR."},{"ref":"3.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand <em>li</em>, the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armour, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day.","gr":"作戰篇\n1. 孫子曰凡用兵之法馳車千駟革車千乘帶甲十萬千里饋糧則內外之費賓客之用膠漆之材車甲之奉日費千金然後十萬之師舉矣"},{"ref":"3.2","t":"Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men."},{"ref":"3.3","t":"When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, the men’s weapons will grow dull and their ardour will be damped.","gr":"2. 其用戰也勝久則鈍兵挫銳攻城則力屈"},{"ref":"3.4","t":"If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength."},{"ref":"3.5","t":"Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain.","gr":"3. 久暴師則國用不足"},{"ref":"3.6","t":"Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardour damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.","gr":"4. 夫鈍兵挫銳屈力殫貨則諸侯乘其幣而起雖有智者不能善其後矣"},{"ref":"3.7","t":"Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.","gr":"5. 故兵聞拙速未睹巧之久也"},{"ref":"3.8","t":"There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.","gr":"6. 夫兵久而國利者未之有也"},{"ref":"3.9","t":"It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.","gr":"7. 故不盡知用兵之害者則不能盡知用兵之利也"},{"ref":"3.10","t":"The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-waggons loaded more than twice.","gr":"8. 善用兵者役不再籍糧不三載"},{"ref":"3.11","t":"Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs.","gr":"9. 取用於國因糧於敵故軍食可足也"},{"ref":"3.12","t":"Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished.","gr":"10. 國之貧於師者遠輸遠輸則百姓貧"},{"ref":"3.13","t":"On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause the people’s substance to be drained away.","gr":"11. 近於師者貴賣貴賣則百姓財竭"},{"ref":"3.14","t":"When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions.","gr":"12. 財竭則急於丘役"},{"ref":"3.15","t":"With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their incomes will be dissipated; while Government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantlets, draught-oxen and heavy waggons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.","gr":"13. 力屈財殫中原內虛於家百姓之費十去其七\n14. 公家之費破車罷馬甲胄矢弩戟楯蔽櫓丘牛大車十去其六"},{"ref":"3.16","t":"Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy’s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one’s own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one’s own store.","gr":"15. 故智將務食於敵食敵一鍾當吾二十鍾秆一石當吾二十石"},{"ref":"3.17","t":"Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.","gr":"16. 故殺敵者怒也取敵之利者貨也"},{"ref":"3.18","t":"Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first.","gr":"17. 故車戰得車十乘已上賞其先得者而更其旌旗車雜而乘之卒善而養之"},{"ref":"3.19","t":"Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept."},{"ref":"3.20","t":"This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one’s own strength.","gr":"18. 是謂勝敵而益强"},{"ref":"3.21","t":"In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.","gr":"19. 故兵貴勝不貴久"},{"ref":"3.22","t":"Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people’s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.","gr":"20. 故知兵之將民之司命國家安危之主也"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM."},{"ref":"4.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy’s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to capture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.","gr":"謀攻篇\n1. 孫子曰凡用兵之法全國爲上破國次之全軍爲上破軍次之全旅爲上破旅次之全卒爲上破卒次之全伍爲上破伍次之"},{"ref":"4.2","t":"Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting.","gr":"2. 是故百戰百勝非善之善者也不戰而屈人之兵善之善者也"},{"ref":"4.3","t":"Thus the highest form of generalship is to baulk the enemy’s plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy’s forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy’s army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.","gr":"3. 故上兵伐謀其次伐交其次伐兵下政攻城"},{"ref":"4.4","t":"The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided.","gr":"4. 攻城之法爲不得已修櫓轒轀具器械三月而後成距闉又三月而後已"},{"ref":"4.5","t":"The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more."},{"ref":"4.6","t":"The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.","gr":"5. 將不勝其忿而蟻附之殺士三分之一而城不拔者此攻之災"},{"ref":"4.7","t":"Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.","gr":"6. 故善用兵者屈人之兵而非戰也拔人之城而非攻也毁人之國而非久也"},{"ref":"4.8","t":"With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete.","gr":"7. 必以全爭於天下故兵不頓而利可全此謀攻之法也"},{"ref":"4.9","t":"This is the method of attacking by stratagem."},{"ref":"4.10","t":"It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy’s one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two.","gr":"8. 故用兵之法十則圍之五則攻之倍則分之"},{"ref":"4.11","t":"If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.","gr":"9. 敵則能戰之少則能逃之不若則能避之"},{"ref":"4.12","t":"Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force.","gr":"10. 故小敵之堅大敵之擒也"},{"ref":"4.13","t":"Now the general is the bulwark of the State: if the bulwark is complete at all points, the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak.","gr":"11. 夫將者國之輔也輔周則國必强輔隙則國必弱"},{"ref":"4.14","t":"There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army: —","gr":"12. 故君之所以患於軍者三"},{"ref":"4.15","t":"(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.","gr":"13. 不知軍之不可以進而謂之進不知軍之不可以退而謂之退是謂縻軍"},{"ref":"4.16","t":"(2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier’s minds.","gr":"14. 不知三軍之事而同三軍之政者則軍士惑矣"},{"ref":"4.17","t":"(3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.","gr":"15. 不知三軍之權而同三軍之任則軍士疑矣"},{"ref":"4.18","t":"But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.","gr":"16. 三軍既惑且疑則諸侯之難至矣是謂亂軍引勝"},{"ref":"4.19","t":"Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory: (1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.","gr":"17. 故知勝有五知可以戰與不可以戰者勝識衆寡之用者勝上下同欲者勝以虞待不虞者勝將能而君不御者勝此五者知勝之道也"},{"ref":"4.20","t":"(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces."},{"ref":"4.21","t":"(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks."},{"ref":"4.22","t":"(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared."},{"ref":"4.23","t":"(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign."},{"ref":"4.24","t":"Victory lies in the knowledge of these five points."},{"ref":"4.25","t":"Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.","gr":"18. 故曰知彼知己百戰不殆不知彼而知己一勝一負不知彼不知己每戰必殆"},{"ref":"4.26","t":"If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS."},{"ref":"5.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.","gr":"形篇\n1. 孫子曰昔之善戰者先爲不可勝以待敵之可勝"},{"ref":"5.2","t":"To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.","gr":"2. 不可勝在己可勝在敵"},{"ref":"5.3","t":"Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.","gr":"3. 故善戰者能爲不可勝不能使敵必可勝"},{"ref":"5.4","t":"Hence the saying: One may <em>know</em> how to conquer without being able to <em>do</em> it.","gr":"4. 故曰勝可知而不可爲"},{"ref":"5.5","t":"Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.","gr":"5. 不可勝者守也可勝者攻也"},{"ref":"5.6","t":"Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength.","gr":"6. 守則不足攻則有餘"},{"ref":"5.7","t":"The general who is skilled in defence hides in the most secret recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven.","gr":"7. 善守者藏於九地之下善攻者動於九天之上故能自保而全勝也"},{"ref":"5.8","t":"Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete."},{"ref":"5.9","t":"To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.","gr":"8. 見勝不過衆人之所知非善之善者也"},{"ref":"5.10","t":"Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says, “Well done!”","gr":"9. 戰勝而天下曰善非善之善者也"},{"ref":"5.11","t":"“the world’s coarse thumb And finger fail to plumb.”"},{"ref":"5.12","t":"To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.","gr":"10. 故舉秋毫不爲多力見日月不爲明目聞雷霆不爲聰耳"},{"ref":"5.13","t":"What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.","gr":"11. 古之所謂善戰者勝勝易勝者也"},{"ref":"5.14","t":"Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage.","gr":"12. 故善戰者之勝也無智名無勇功"},{"ref":"5.15","t":"He wins his battles by making no mistakes.","gr":"13. 故其戰勝不忒不忒者其所措必勝勝已敗者也"},{"ref":"5.16","t":"Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated."},{"ref":"5.17","t":"Hence the skilful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.","gr":"14. 故善戰者立於不敗之地而不失敵之敗也"},{"ref":"5.18","t":"Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.","gr":"15. 是故勝兵先勝而後求戰敗兵先戰而後求勝"},{"ref":"5.19","t":"The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control success.","gr":"16. 善用兵者修道而保法故能爲勝敗之政"},{"ref":"5.20","t":"In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory.","gr":"17. 兵法一曰度二曰量三曰數四曰稱五曰勝"},{"ref":"5.21","t":"Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.","gr":"18. 地生度度生量量生數數生稱稱生勝"},{"ref":"5.22","t":"A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound’s weight placed in the scale against a single grain.","gr":"19. 故勝兵若以鎰稱銖敗兵若以銖稱鎰"},{"ref":"5.23","t":"The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep. So much for tactical dispositions.","gr":"20. 勝者之戰民也若決積水於千仞之谿者形也"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER V. ENERGY."},{"ref":"6.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: The control of a large force is the same in principle as the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.","gr":"埶篇\n1. 孫子曰凡治衆如治寡分數是也"},{"ref":"6.2","t":"Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.","gr":"2. 鬥衆如鬥寡形名是也"},{"ref":"6.3","t":"To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken — this is effected by manœuvres direct and indirect.","gr":"3. 三軍之衆可使必受敵而無敗者奇正是也"},{"ref":"6.4","t":"That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg — this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.","gr":"4. 兵之所加如以碬投卵者虛實是也"},{"ref":"6.5","t":"In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.","gr":"5. 凡戰者以正合以奇勝"},{"ref":"6.6","t":"Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away but to return once more.","gr":"6. 故善出奇者無窮如天地不竭如江河終而復始日月是也死而復生四時是也"},{"ref":"6.7","t":"There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.","gr":"7. 聲不過五五聲之變不可勝聽也"},{"ref":"6.8","t":"There are not more than five primary colours, yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever be seen.","gr":"8. 色不過五五色之變不可勝觀也"},{"ref":"6.9","t":"There are not more than five cardinal tastes, yet combinations of them yield more flavours than can ever be tasted.","gr":"9. 味不過五五味之變不可勝嘗也"},{"ref":"6.10","t":"In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack — the direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of manœuvres.","gr":"10. 戰埶不過奇正奇正之變不可勝窮也"},{"ref":"6.11","t":"The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle — you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?","gr":"11. 奇正相生如循環之無端孰能窮之"},{"ref":"6.12","t":"The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course.","gr":"12. 激水之疾至於漂石者埶也"},{"ref":"6.13","t":"The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim.","gr":"13. 鷙鳥之疾至於毁折者節也"},{"ref":"6.14","t":"Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his decision.","gr":"14. 是故善戰者其埶險其節短"},{"ref":"6.15","t":"Energy may be likened to the bending of a cross-bow; decision, to the releasing of the trigger.","gr":"15. 埶如彍弩節如發機"},{"ref":"6.16","t":"Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.","gr":"16. 紛紛紜紜鬥亂而不可亂也渾渾沌沌形圓而不可敗也"},{"ref":"6.17","t":"Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions.","gr":"17. 亂生於治怯生於勇弱生於彊\nSimulated disorder postulates perfect discipline; simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength.\n18. 治亂數也勇怯埶也彊弱形也"},{"ref":"6.18","t":"Thus one who is skilful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act.","gr":"19. 故善動敵者形之敵必從之予之敵必取之"},{"ref":"6.19","t":"He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it."},{"ref":"6.20","t":"By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.","gr":"20. 以利動之以卒待之"},{"ref":"6.21","t":"The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals.","gr":"21. 故善戰者求之於埶不責於人故能擇人而任埶"},{"ref":"6.22","t":"Hence his ability to pick out the right men and to utilise combined energy."},{"ref":"6.23","t":"When he utilises combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-shaped, to go rolling down.","gr":"22. 任埶者其戰人也如轉木石木石之性安則靜危則動方則止圓則行"},{"ref":"6.24","t":"Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject of energy.","gr":"23. 故善戰人之埶如轉圓石於千仞之山者埶也"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG."},{"ref":"7.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle, will arrive exhausted.","gr":"虛實篇\n1. 孫子曰凡先處戰地而待敵者佚後處戰地而趨戰者勞"},{"ref":"7.2","t":"Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him.","gr":"2. 故善戰者致人而不致於人"},{"ref":"7.3","t":"By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.","gr":"3. 能使敵人自至者利之也能使敵人不得至者害之也"},{"ref":"7.4","t":"If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.","gr":"4. 故敵佚能勞之飽能飢之安能動之"},{"ref":"7.5","t":"Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to places where you are not expected.","gr":"5. 出其所必趨趨其所不意"},{"ref":"7.6","t":"An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches through country where the enemy is not.","gr":"6. 行千里而不勞者行於無人之地也"},{"ref":"7.7","t":"You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended.","gr":"7. 攻而必取者攻其所不守也守而必固者守其所不攻也"},{"ref":"7.8","t":"You can ensure the safety of your defence if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked."},{"ref":"7.9","t":"Hence that general is skilful in attack whose opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skilful in defence whose opponent does not know what to attack.","gr":"8. 故善攻者敵不知其所守善守者敵不知其所攻"},{"ref":"7.10","t":"O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy’s fate in our hands.","gr":"9. 微乎微乎至於無形神乎神乎至於無聲故能爲敵之司命"},{"ref":"7.11","t":"You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the enemy’s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.","gr":"10. 進而不可禦者衝其虛也退而不可追者速而不可及也"},{"ref":"7.12","t":"If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is to attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.","gr":"11. 故我欲戰敵雖高壘深溝不得不與我戰者攻其所必救也"},{"ref":"7.13","t":"If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way.","gr":"12. 我不欲戰畫地而守之敵不得與我戰者乖其所之也"},{"ref":"7.14","t":"By discovering the enemy’s dispositions and remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy’s must be divided.","gr":"13. 故形人而我無形則我專而敵分"},{"ref":"7.15","t":"We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy’s few.","gr":"14. 我專爲一敵分爲十是以十共其一也則我衆而敵寡"},{"ref":"7.16","t":"And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.","gr":"15. 能以衆擊寡者則吾之所與戰者約矣"},{"ref":"7.17","t":"The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different points; and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few.","gr":"16. 吾所與戰之地不可知不可知則敵所備者多敵所備者多則吾所與戰者寡矣"},{"ref":"7.18","t":"For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak.","gr":"17. 故備前則後寡備後則前寡備左則右寡備右則左寡無所不備則無所不寡"},{"ref":"7.19","t":"Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations against us.","gr":"18. 寡者備人者也衆者使人備己者也"},{"ref":"7.20","t":"Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight.","gr":"19. 故知戰之地知戰之日則可千里而會戰"},{"ref":"7.21","t":"But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be impotent to succour the right, the right equally impotent to succour the left, the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred <em>li</em> apart, and even the nearest are separated by several <em>li</em>!","gr":"20. 不知戰地不知戰日則左不能救右右不能救左前不能救後後不能救前而況遠者數十里近者數里乎"},{"ref":"7.22","t":"Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yüeh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory.","gr":"21. 以吾度之越人之兵雖多亦奚益於勝敗哉故曰勝可爲也"},{"ref":"7.23","t":"I say then that victory can be achieved."},{"ref":"7.24","t":"Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting.","gr":"22. 敵雖衆可使無鬥故策之而知得失之計"},{"ref":"7.25","t":"Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success."},{"ref":"7.26","t":"Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity.","gr":"23. 作之而知動靜之理形之而知死生之地"},{"ref":"7.27","t":"Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots."},{"ref":"7.28","t":"Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.","gr":"24. 角之而知有餘不足之處"},{"ref":"7.29","t":"In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.","gr":"25. 故形兵之極至於無形無形則深閒不能窺知者不能謀"},{"ref":"7.30","t":"How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy’s own tactics — that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.","gr":"26. 因形而錯勝於衆衆不能知"},{"ref":"7.31","t":"All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved.","gr":"27. 人皆知我所以勝之形而莫知吾所以制勝之形"},{"ref":"7.32","t":"Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.","gr":"28. 故其戰勝不復而應形於無窮"},{"ref":"7.33","t":"Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.","gr":"29. 夫兵形象水水之行避高而趨下"},{"ref":"7.34","t":"So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is weak.","gr":"30. 兵之形避實而擊虛"},{"ref":"7.35","t":"Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.","gr":"31. 水因地而制流兵因敵而制勝"},{"ref":"7.36","t":"Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are no constant conditions.","gr":"32. 故兵無常勢水無常形"},{"ref":"7.37","t":"He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.","gr":"33. 能因敵變化而取勝者謂之神"},{"ref":"7.38","t":"The five elements are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn.","gr":"34. 故五行無常勝四時無常位日有短長月有死生"},{"ref":"7.39","t":"There are short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER VII. MANŒUVRING."},{"ref":"8.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign.","gr":"軍爭篇\n1. 孫子曰凡用兵之法將受命於君"},{"ref":"8.2","t":"Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and harmonise the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.","gr":"2. 合軍聚衆交和而舍"},{"ref":"8.3","t":"After that, comes tactical manœuvring, than which there is nothing more difficult.","gr":"3. 莫難於軍爭軍爭之難者以迂爲直以患爲利"},{"ref":"8.4","t":"The difficulty of tactical manœuvring consists in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain."},{"ref":"8.5","t":"Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him, shows knowledge of the artifice of <em>deviation</em>.","gr":"4. 故迂其途而誘之以利後人發先人至此知迂直之計者也"},{"ref":"8.6","t":"Manœuvring with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.","gr":"5. 故軍爭爲利衆爭爲危"},{"ref":"8.7","t":"If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be too late.","gr":"6. 舉軍而爭利則不及委軍而爭利則輜重捐"},{"ref":"8.8","t":"On the other hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores."},{"ref":"8.9","t":"Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch, doing a hundred <em>li</em> in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.","gr":"7. 是故卷甲而趨日夜不處倍道兼行百里而爭利則擒三將軍"},{"ref":"8.10","t":"The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.","gr":"8. 勁者先罷者後其法十一而至"},{"ref":"8.11","t":"If you march fifty <em>li</em> in order to outmanœuvre the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the goal.","gr":"9. 五十里而爭利則蹶上將軍其法半至"},{"ref":"8.12","t":"If you march thirty <em>li</em> with the same object, two-thirds of your army will arrive.","gr":"10. 三十里而爭利則三分之二至"},{"ref":"8.13","t":"We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.","gr":"11. 是故軍無輜重則亡無糧食則亡無委積則亡"},{"ref":"8.14","t":"We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbours.","gr":"12. 故不知諸侯之謀者不能豫交"},{"ref":"8.15","t":"We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country — its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.","gr":"13. 不知山林險阻沮澤之形者不能行軍"},{"ref":"8.16","t":"We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.","gr":"14. 不用鄉導者不能得地利"},{"ref":"8.17","t":"In war, practise dissimulation, and you will succeed.","gr":"15. 故兵以詐立以利動"},{"ref":"8.18","t":"Move only if there is a real advantage to be gained."},{"ref":"8.19","t":"Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by circumstances.","gr":"16. 以分合爲變者也"},{"ref":"8.20","t":"Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the forest.","gr":"17. 故其疾如風其徐如林"},{"ref":"8.21","t":"In raiding and plundering be like fire, in immovability like a mountain.","gr":"18. 侵掠如火不動如山"},{"ref":"8.22","t":"Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.","gr":"19. 難知如陰動如雷霆"},{"ref":"8.23","t":"When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.","gr":"20. 掠鄉分衆廓地分利"},{"ref":"8.24","t":"Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.","gr":"21. 懸權而動"},{"ref":"8.25","t":"He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation.","gr":"22. 先知迂直之計者勝此軍爭之法也"},{"ref":"8.26","t":"Such is the art of manœuvring."},{"ref":"8.27","t":"The Book of Army Management says:","gr":"23. 軍政曰言不相聞故爲金鼓視不相見故爲旌旗"},{"ref":"8.28","t":"On the field of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums."},{"ref":"8.29","t":"Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags."},{"ref":"8.30","t":"Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focussed on one particular point.","gr":"24. 夫金鼓旌旗者所以一民之耳目也"},{"ref":"8.31","t":"The host thus forming a single united body, it is impossible either for the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone.","gr":"25. 民既專一則勇者不得獨進怯者不得獨退此用衆之法也"},{"ref":"8.32","t":"This is the art of handling large masses of men."},{"ref":"8.33","t":"In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.","gr":"26. 故夜戰多火鼓晝戰多旌旗所以變民之耳目也"},{"ref":"8.34","t":"A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.","gr":"27. 故三軍可奪氣將軍可奪心"},{"ref":"8.35","t":"Now a soldier’s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp.","gr":"28. 是故朝氣銳晝氣惰暮氣歸"},{"ref":"8.36","t":"A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.","gr":"29. 故善用兵者避其銳氣擊其惰歸此治氣者也"},{"ref":"8.37","t":"Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy: — this is the art of retaining self-possession.","gr":"30. 以治待亂以靜待譁此治心者也"},{"ref":"8.38","t":"To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished: — this is the art of husbanding one’s strength.","gr":"31. 以近待遠以佚待勞以飽待飢此治力者也"},{"ref":"8.39","t":"To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident array:","gr":"32. 無要正正之旗勿擊堂堂之陳此治變者也"},{"ref":"8.40","t":"— this is the art of studying circumstances."},{"ref":"8.41","t":"It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.","gr":"33. 故用兵之法高陵勿向背邱勿逆"},{"ref":"8.42","t":"Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.","gr":"34. 佯北勿從銳卒勿攻"},{"ref":"8.43","t":"Do not swallow a bait offered by the enemy.","gr":"35. 餌兵勿食歸師勿遏"},{"ref":"8.44","t":"Do not interfere with an army that is returning home."},{"ref":"8.45","t":"When you surround an army, leave an outlet free.","gr":"36. 圍師必闕窮宼勿迫"},{"ref":"8.46","t":"Do not press a desperate foe too hard."},{"ref":"8.47","t":"Such is the art of warfare.","gr":"37. 此用兵之法也"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER VIII. VARIATION OF TACTICS."},{"ref":"9.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces.","gr":"九變篇\n1. 孫子曰凡用兵之法將受命於君合軍聚衆"},{"ref":"9.2","t":"When in difficult country, do not encamp.","gr":"2. 圮地無舍衢地合交絶地無留圍地則謀死地則戰"},{"ref":"9.3","t":"In country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies."},{"ref":"9.4","t":"Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions."},{"ref":"9.5","t":"In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem."},{"ref":"9.6","t":"In a desperate position, you must fight."},{"ref":"9.7","t":"There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must not be attacked, towns which must not be besieged, positions which must not be contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.","gr":"3. 塗有所不由軍有所不擊城有所不攻地有所不爭君命有所不受"},{"ref":"9.8","t":"The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.","gr":"4. 故將通於九變之利者知用兵矣"},{"ref":"9.9","t":"The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.","gr":"5. 將不通於九變之利者雖知地形不能得地之利矣"},{"ref":"9.10","t":"So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use of his men.","gr":"6. 治兵不知九變之術雖知五利不能得人之用矣"},{"ref":"9.11","t":"Hence in the wise leader’s plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.","gr":"7. 是故智者之慮必雜於利害"},{"ref":"9.12","t":"If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.","gr":"8. 雜於利而務可信也"},{"ref":"9.13","t":"If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune.","gr":"9. 雜於害而患可解也"},{"ref":"9.14","t":"Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; make trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point.","gr":"10. 是故屈諸侯者以害役諸侯者以業趨諸侯者以利"},{"ref":"9.15","t":"The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy’s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.","gr":"11. 故用兵之法無恃其不來恃吾有以待也無恃其不攻恃吾有所不可攻也"},{"ref":"9.16","t":"There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general: (1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction; (2) cowardice, which leads to capture;","gr":"12. 故將有五危必死可殺也必生可虜也忿速可侮也廉潔可辱也愛民可煩也"},{"ref":"9.17","t":"(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults; (4) a delicacy of honour which is sensitive to shame; (5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble."},{"ref":"9.18","t":"These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of war.","gr":"13. 凡此五者將之過也用兵之災也"},{"ref":"9.19","t":"When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation.","gr":"14. 覆軍殺將必以五危不可不察也"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH."},{"ref":"10.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy.","gr":"行軍篇\n1. 孫子曰凡處軍相敵絶山依谷"},{"ref":"10.2","t":"Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighbourhood of valleys."},{"ref":"10.3","t":"Camp in high places, facing the sun.","gr":"2. 視生處高戰隆無登此處山之軍也"},{"ref":"10.4","t":"Do not climb heights in order to fight."},{"ref":"10.5","t":"So much for mountain warfare."},{"ref":"10.6","t":"After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.","gr":"3. 絶水必遠水"},{"ref":"10.7","t":"When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.","gr":"4. 客絶水而來勿迎之於水內令半濟而擊之利"},{"ref":"10.8","t":"If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.","gr":"5. 欲戰者無附於水而迎客"},{"ref":"10.9","t":"Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun.","gr":"6. 視生處高無迎水流此處水上之軍也"},{"ref":"10.10","t":"Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy."},{"ref":"10.11","t":"So much for river warfare."},{"ref":"10.12","t":"In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.","gr":"7. 絶斥澤惟亟去無留"},{"ref":"10.13","t":"If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees.","gr":"8. 若交軍於斥澤之中必依水草而背衆樹此處斥澤之軍也"},{"ref":"10.14","t":"So much for operations in salt-marshes."},{"ref":"10.15","t":"In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind.","gr":"9. 平陸處易而右背高前死後生此處平陸之軍也"},{"ref":"10.16","t":"So much for campaigning in flat country."},{"ref":"10.17","t":"These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.","gr":"10. 凡此四軍之利黃帝之所以勝四帝也"},{"ref":"10.18","t":"All armies prefer high ground to low, and sunny places to dark.","gr":"11. 凡軍喜高而惡下貴陽而賤陰"},{"ref":"10.19","t":"If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.","gr":"12. 養生而處實軍無百疾是謂必勝"},{"ref":"10.20","t":"When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilise the natural advantages of the ground.","gr":"13. 邱陵隄防必處其陽而右背之此兵之利地之助也"},{"ref":"10.21","t":"When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.","gr":"14. 上雨水沫至欲涉者待其定也"},{"ref":"10.22","t":"Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.","gr":"15. 凡地有絶澗天井天牢天羅天陷天隙必亟去之勿近也"},{"ref":"10.23","t":"While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.","gr":"16. 吾遠之敵近之吾迎之敵背之"},{"ref":"10.24","t":"If in the neighbourhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.","gr":"17. 軍旁有險阻蔣潢井生葭葦小林蘙薈必謹覆索之此伏姦之所藏處也"},{"ref":"10.25","t":"When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position.","gr":"18. 敵近而靜者恃其險也"},{"ref":"10.26","t":"When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance.","gr":"19. 遠而挑戰者欲人之進也"},{"ref":"10.27","t":"If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.","gr":"20. 其所居者易利也"},{"ref":"10.28","t":"Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing.","gr":"21. 衆樹動者來也衆草多障者疑也"},{"ref":"10.29","t":"The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious."},{"ref":"10.30","t":"The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade.","gr":"22. 鳥起者伏也獸駭者覆也"},{"ref":"10.31","t":"Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming."},{"ref":"10.32","t":"When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry.","gr":"23. 塵高而銳者車來也卑而廣者徒來也散而條達者樵採也少而往來者營軍也"},{"ref":"10.33","t":"When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood."},{"ref":"10.34","t":"A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping."},{"ref":"10.35","t":"Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance.","gr":"24. 辭卑而益備者進也辭强而進驅者退也"},{"ref":"10.36","t":"Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat."},{"ref":"10.37","t":"When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.","gr":"25. 輕車先出居其側者陳也"},{"ref":"10.38","t":"Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.","gr":"26. 無約而請和者謀也"},{"ref":"10.39","t":"When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come.","gr":"27. 奔走而陳兵者期也"},{"ref":"10.40","t":"When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.","gr":"28. 半進半退者誘也"},{"ref":"10.41","t":"When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food.","gr":"29. 倚仗而立者飢也"},{"ref":"10.42","t":"If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.","gr":"30. 汲而先飮者渴也"},{"ref":"10.43","t":"If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.","gr":"31. 見利而不進者勞也"},{"ref":"10.44","t":"If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied.","gr":"32. 鳥集者虛也夜呼者恐也"},{"ref":"10.45","t":"Clamour by night betokens nervousness."},{"ref":"10.46","t":"If there is disturbance in the camp, the general’s authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot.","gr":"33. 軍擾者將不重也旌旗動者亂也吏怒者倦也"},{"ref":"10.47","t":"If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary."},{"ref":"10.48","t":"When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death.","gr":"34. 粟馬肉食軍無懸缻不返其舍者窮宼也"},{"ref":"10.49","t":"The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.","gr":"35. 諄諄翕翕徐言入入者失衆也"},{"ref":"10.50","t":"Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.","gr":"36. 屢賞者窘也數罰者困也"},{"ref":"10.51","t":"To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy’s numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.","gr":"37. 先暴而後畏其衆者不精之至也"},{"ref":"10.52","t":"When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.","gr":"38. 來委謝者欲休息也"},{"ref":"10.53","t":"If the enemy’s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.","gr":"39. 兵怒而相迎久而不合又不相去必謹察之"},{"ref":"10.54","t":"If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made.","gr":"40. 兵非益多也惟無武進足以倂力料敵取人而已"},{"ref":"10.55","t":"What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements."},{"ref":"10.56","t":"He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.","gr":"41. 夫惟無慮而易敵者必擒於人"},{"ref":"10.57","t":"If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, they will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be useless.","gr":"42. 卒未親附而罰之則不服不服則難用也卒已親附而罰不行則不可用也"},{"ref":"10.58","t":"Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline.","gr":"43. 故令之以文齊之以武是謂必取"},{"ref":"10.59","t":"This is a certain road to victory."},{"ref":"10.60","t":"If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.","gr":"44. 令素行以教其民則民服令不素行以教其民則民不服"},{"ref":"10.61","t":"If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.","gr":"45. 令素信著者與衆相得也"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER X. TERRAIN."},{"ref":"11.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporising ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.","gr":"地形篇\n1. 孫子曰地形有通者有挂者有支者有隘者有險者有遠者"},{"ref":"11.2","t":"Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called <em>accessible</em>.","gr":"2. 我可以往彼可以來曰通"},{"ref":"11.3","t":"With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies.","gr":"3. 通形者先居高陽利糧道以戰則利"},{"ref":"11.4","t":"Then you will be able to fight with advantage."},{"ref":"11.5","t":"Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called <em>entangling</em>.","gr":"4. 可以往難以返曰挂"},{"ref":"11.6","t":"From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.","gr":"5. 挂形者敵無備出而勝之敵若有備出而不勝難以返不利"},{"ref":"11.7","t":"When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called <em>temporising</em> ground.","gr":"6. 我出而不利彼出而不利曰支"},{"ref":"11.8","t":"In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.","gr":"7. 支形者敵雖利我我無出也引而去令敵半出而擊之利"},{"ref":"11.9","t":"With regard to <em>narrow passes</em>, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.","gr":"8. 隘形者我先居之必盈之以待敵"},{"ref":"11.10","t":"Should the enemy forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.","gr":"9. 若敵先居之盈而勿從不盈而從之"},{"ref":"11.11","t":"With regard to <em>precipitous heights</em>, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.","gr":"10. 險形者我先居之必居高陽以待敵"},{"ref":"11.12","t":"If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.","gr":"11. 若敵先居之引而去之勿從也"},{"ref":"11.13","t":"If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.","gr":"12. 遠形者勢均難以挑戰戰而不利"},{"ref":"11.14","t":"These six are the principles connected with Earth.","gr":"13. 凡此六者地之道也將之至任不可不察也"},{"ref":"11.15","t":"The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them."},{"ref":"11.16","t":"Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganisation; (6) rout.","gr":"14. 故兵有走者有弛者有陷者有崩者有亂者有北者凡此六者非天之災將之過也"},{"ref":"11.17","t":"Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the <em>flight</em> of the former.","gr":"15. 夫勢均以一擊十曰走"},{"ref":"11.18","t":"When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is <em>insubordination</em>.","gr":"16. 卒强吏弱曰弛吏强卒弱曰陷"},{"ref":"11.19","t":"When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is <em>collapse</em>."},{"ref":"11.20","t":"When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is <em>ruin</em>.","gr":"17. 大吏怒而不服遇敵懟而自戰將不知其能曰崩"},{"ref":"11.21","t":"When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixed duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter <em>disorganisation</em>.","gr":"18. 將弱不嚴教道不明吏卒無常陳兵縱橫曰亂"},{"ref":"11.22","t":"When a general, unable to estimate the enemy’s strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be a <em>rout</em>.","gr":"19. 將不能料敵以少合衆以弱擊强兵無選鋒曰北"},{"ref":"11.23","t":"These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.","gr":"20. 凡此六者敗之道也將之至任不可不察也"},{"ref":"11.24","t":"The natural formation of the country is the soldier’s best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a great general.","gr":"21. 夫地形者兵之助也料敵制勝計險阨遠近上將之道也"},{"ref":"11.25","t":"He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practises them, will surely be defeated.","gr":"22. 知此而用戰者必勝不知此而用戰者必敗"},{"ref":"11.26","t":"If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler’s bidding.","gr":"23. 故戰道必勝主曰無戰必戰可也戰道不勝主曰必戰無戰可也"},{"ref":"11.27","t":"The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.","gr":"24. 故進不求名退不避罪唯民是保而利合於主國之寳也"},{"ref":"11.28","t":"Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look on them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death.","gr":"25. 視卒如嬰兒故可與之赴深谿視卒如愛子故可與之俱死"},{"ref":"11.29","t":"If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.","gr":"26. 厚而不能使愛而不能令亂而不能治譬如驕子不可用也"},{"ref":"11.30","t":"If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.","gr":"27. 知吾卒之可以擊而不知敵之不可擊勝之半也"},{"ref":"11.31","t":"If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.","gr":"28. 知敵之可擊而不知吾卒之不可以擊勝之半也"},{"ref":"11.32","t":"If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory.","gr":"29. 知敵之可擊知吾卒之可以擊而不知地形之不可以戰勝之半也"},{"ref":"11.33","t":"Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.","gr":"30. 故知兵者動而不迷舉而不窮"},{"ref":"11.34","t":"Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.","gr":"31. 故曰知彼知己勝乃不殆知地知天勝乃可全"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS."},{"ref":"12.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: The art of war recognises nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.","gr":"九地篇\n1. 孫子曰用兵之法有散地有輕地有爭地有交地有衢地有重地有圮地有圍地有死地"},{"ref":"12.2","t":"When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.","gr":"2. 諸侯自戰其地者爲散地"},{"ref":"12.3","t":"When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground.","gr":"3. 入人之地而不深者爲輕地"},{"ref":"12.4","t":"Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.","gr":"4. 我得則利彼得亦利者爲爭地"},{"ref":"12.5","t":"Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.","gr":"5. 我可以往彼可以來者爲交地"},{"ref":"12.6","t":"Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is ground of intersecting highways.","gr":"6. 諸侯之地三屬先至而得天下之衆者爲衢地"},{"ref":"12.7","t":"When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.","gr":"7. 入人之地深背城邑多者爲重地"},{"ref":"12.8","t":"Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens — all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.","gr":"8. 山林險阻沮澤凡難行之道者爲圮地"},{"ref":"12.9","t":"Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed-in ground.","gr":"9. 所由入者隘所從歸者迂彼寡可以擊吾之衆者爲圍地"},{"ref":"12.10","t":"Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.","gr":"10. 疾戰則存不疾戰則亡者爲死地"},{"ref":"12.11","t":"On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not.","gr":"11. 是故散地則無以戰輕地則無止爭地則無攻"},{"ref":"12.12","t":"On open ground, do not try to block the enemy’s way.","gr":"12. 交地則無絶衢地則合交"},{"ref":"12.13","t":"On ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies."},{"ref":"12.14","t":"On serious ground, gather in plunder.","gr":"13. 重地則掠圮地則行"},{"ref":"12.15","t":"In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march."},{"ref":"12.16","t":"On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem.","gr":"14. 圍地則謀死地則戰"},{"ref":"12.17","t":"On desperate ground, fight."},{"ref":"12.18","t":"Those who were called skilful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy’s front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.","gr":"15. 所謂古之善用兵者能使敵人前後不相及衆寡不相恃貴賤不相救上下不相扶"},{"ref":"12.19","t":"When the enemy’s men were scattered, they prevented them from concentrating; even when their forces were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.","gr":"16. 卒離而不集兵合而不齊"},{"ref":"12.20","t":"When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.","gr":"17. 合於利而動不合於利而止"},{"ref":"12.21","t":"If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: “Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will.”","gr":"18. 敢問敵衆整而將來待之若何曰先奪其所愛則聽矣"},{"ref":"12.22","t":"Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy’s unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.","gr":"19. 兵之情主速乘人之不及由不虞之道攻其所不戒也"},{"ref":"12.23","t":"The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.","gr":"20. 凡爲客之道深入則專主人不克"},{"ref":"12.24","t":"Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.","gr":"21. 掠於饒野三軍足食"},{"ref":"12.25","t":"Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength.","gr":"22. 謹養而勿勞併氣積力運兵計謀爲不可測"},{"ref":"12.26","t":"Keep your army continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans."},{"ref":"12.27","t":"Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight.","gr":"23. 投之無所往死且不北死焉不得士人盡力"},{"ref":"12.28","t":"If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve."},{"ref":"12.29","t":"Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength."},{"ref":"12.30","t":"Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in the heart of a hostile country, they will show a stubborn front.","gr":"24. 兵士甚陷則不懼無所往則固深入則拘不得已則鬥"},{"ref":"12.31","t":"If there is no help for it, they will fight hard."},{"ref":"12.32","t":"Thus, without waiting to be marshalled, the soldiers will be constantly on the <em>qui vive</em>; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted.","gr":"25. 是故其兵不修而戒不求而得不約而親不令而信"},{"ref":"12.33","t":"Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts.","gr":"26. 禁祥去疑至死無所災"},{"ref":"12.34","t":"Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared."},{"ref":"12.35","t":"If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity.","gr":"27. 吾士無餘財非惡貨也無餘命非惡壽也"},{"ref":"12.36","t":"On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks.","gr":"28. 令發之日士卒坐者涕霑襟偃臥者涕交頤投之無所往者諸劌之勇也"},{"ref":"12.37","t":"But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei."},{"ref":"12.38","t":"The skilful tactician may be likened to the <em>shuai-jan</em>. Now the <em>shuai-jan</em> is a snake that is found in the Ch’ang mountains.","gr":"29. 故善用兵譬如率然率然者常山之虵也擊其首則尾至擊其尾則首至擊其中則首尾俱至"},{"ref":"12.39","t":"Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head and tail both."},{"ref":"12.40","t":"Asked if an army can be made to imitate the <em>shuai-jan</em>, I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yüeh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other’s assistance just as the left hand helps the right.","gr":"30. 敢問兵可使如率然乎曰可夫吳人與越人相惡也當其同舟而濟遇風其相救也如左右手"},{"ref":"12.41","t":"Hence it is not enough to put one’s trust in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground.","gr":"31. 是故方馬埋輪未足恃也"},{"ref":"12.42","t":"The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach.","gr":"32. 齊勇若一政之道也"},{"ref":"12.43","t":"How to make the best of both strong and weak — that is a question involving the proper use of ground.","gr":"33. 剛柔皆得地之理也"},{"ref":"12.44","t":"Thus the skilful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.","gr":"34. 故善用兵者攜手若使一人不得已也"},{"ref":"12.45","t":"It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.","gr":"35. 將軍之事靜以幽正以治"},{"ref":"12.46","t":"He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.","gr":"36. 能愚士卒之耳目使之無知"},{"ref":"12.47","t":"By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge.","gr":"37. 易其事革其謀使人無識易其居迂其途使人不得慮"},{"ref":"12.48","t":"By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose."},{"ref":"12.49","t":"At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him.","gr":"38. 帥與之期如登高而去其梯帥與之深入諸侯之地而發其機"},{"ref":"12.50","t":"He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand."},{"ref":"12.51","t":"He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and none knows whither he is going.","gr":"39. 焚舟破釜若驅羣羊而往驅而來莫知所之"},{"ref":"12.52","t":"To muster his host and bring it into danger: — this may be termed the business of the general.","gr":"40. 聚三軍之衆投之於險此謂將軍之事也"},{"ref":"12.53","t":"The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied.","gr":"41. 九地之變屈伸之利人情之理不可不察也"},{"ref":"12.54","t":"When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion.","gr":"42. 凡爲客之道深則專淺則散"},{"ref":"12.55","t":"When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighbouring territory, you find yourself on critical ground.","gr":"43. 去國越境而師者絶地也四達者衢地也"},{"ref":"12.56","t":"When there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways."},{"ref":"12.57","t":"When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.","gr":"44. 入深者重地也入淺者輕地也"},{"ref":"12.58","t":"When you have the enemy’s strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.","gr":"45. 背固前隘者圍地也無所往者死地也"},{"ref":"12.59","t":"Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose.","gr":"46. 是故散地吾將一其志輕地吾將使之屬"},{"ref":"12.60","t":"On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army."},{"ref":"12.61","t":"On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.","gr":"47. 爭地吾將趨其後"},{"ref":"12.62","t":"On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defences.","gr":"48. 交地吾將謹其守衢地吾將固其結"},{"ref":"12.63","t":"On ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances."},{"ref":"12.64","t":"On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies.","gr":"49. 重地吾將繼其食圮地吾將進其塗"},{"ref":"12.65","t":"On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road."},{"ref":"12.66","t":"On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat.","gr":"50. 圍地吾將塞其闕死地吾將示之以不活"},{"ref":"12.67","t":"On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives."},{"ref":"12.68","t":"For it is the soldier’s disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger.","gr":"51. 故兵之情圍則禦不得已則鬥過則從"},{"ref":"12.69","t":"We cannot enter into alliance with neighbouring princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country — its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.","gr":"52. 是故不知諸侯之謀者不能預交不知山林險阻沮澤之形者不能行軍不用鄉導者不能得地利"},{"ref":"12.70","t":"To be ignorant of any one of the following four or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.","gr":"53. 四五者不知一非霸王之兵也"},{"ref":"12.71","t":"When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy’s forces. He overawes his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.","gr":"54. 夫霸王之兵伐大國則其衆不得聚威加於敵則其交不得合"},{"ref":"12.72","t":"Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists in awe.","gr":"55. 是故不爭天下之交不養天下之權信己之私威加於敵故其城可拔其國可隳"},{"ref":"12.73","t":"Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms."},{"ref":"12.74","t":"Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to do with but a single man.","gr":"56. 施無法之賞懸無政之令犯三軍之衆若使一人"},{"ref":"12.75","t":"Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your design.","gr":"57. 犯之以事勿告以言犯之以利勿告以害"},{"ref":"12.76","t":"When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy."},{"ref":"12.77","t":"Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.","gr":"58. 投之亡地然後存陷之死地然後生"},{"ref":"12.78","t":"For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm’s way that it is capable of striking a blow for victory.","gr":"59. 夫衆陷於害然後能爲勝敗"},{"ref":"12.79","t":"Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy’s purpose.","gr":"60. 故爲兵之事在於順詳敵之意"},{"ref":"12.80","t":"By persistently hanging on the enemy’s flank, we shall succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.","gr":"61. 并敵一向千里殺將"},{"ref":"12.81","t":"This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.","gr":"62. 此謂巧能成事者也"},{"ref":"12.82","t":"On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries.","gr":"63. 是故政舉之日夷關折符無通其使"},{"ref":"12.83","t":"Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation.","gr":"64. 厲於廊廟之上以誅其事"},{"ref":"12.84","t":"If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.","gr":"65. 敵人開闔必亟入之"},{"ref":"12.85","t":"Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.","gr":"66. 先其所愛微與之期"},{"ref":"12.86","t":"Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.","gr":"67. 踐墨隨敵以決戰事"},{"ref":"12.87","t":"At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you.","gr":"68. 是故始如處女敵人開戶後如脫兎敵不及拒"},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE."},{"ref":"13.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp; the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn baggage-trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines; the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.","gr":"火攻篇\n1. 孫子曰凡火攻有五一曰火人二曰火積三曰火輜四曰火庫五曰火隊"},{"ref":"13.2","t":"In order to carry out an attack with fire, we must have means available; The material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness.","gr":"2. 行火必有因煙火必素具"},{"ref":"13.3","t":"There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for starting a conflagration.","gr":"3. 發火有時起火有日"},{"ref":"13.4","t":"The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days are those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.","gr":"4. 時者天之燥也日者宿在箕壁翼軫也凡此四宿者風起之日也"},{"ref":"13.5","t":"In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments:","gr":"5. 凡火攻必因五火之變而應之"},{"ref":"13.6","t":"(1) When fire breaks out inside the enemy’s camp, respond at once with an attack from without.","gr":"6. 火發於內則早應之於外"},{"ref":"13.7","t":"(2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy’s soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack.","gr":"7. 火發而其兵靜者待而勿攻"},{"ref":"13.8","t":"(3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are.","gr":"8. 極其火力可從而從之不可從而止"},{"ref":"13.9","t":"(4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favourable moment.","gr":"9. 火可發於外無待於內以時發之"},{"ref":"13.10","t":"(5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from the leeward.","gr":"10. 火發上風無攻下風"},{"ref":"13.11","t":"A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls.","gr":"11. 晝風久夜風止"},{"ref":"13.12","t":"In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days.","gr":"12. 凡軍必知有五火之變以數守之"},{"ref":"13.13","t":"Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence; those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.","gr":"13. 故以火佐攻者明以水佐攻者强"},{"ref":"13.14","t":"By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belongings.","gr":"14. 水可以絶不可以奪"},{"ref":"13.15","t":"Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time and general stagnation.","gr":"15. 夫戰勝攻取而不修其功者凶命曰費留"},{"ref":"13.16","t":"Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources.","gr":"16. 故曰明主慮之良將修之"},{"ref":"13.17","t":"Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless there is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical.","gr":"17. 非利不動非得不用非危不戰"},{"ref":"13.18","t":"No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique.","gr":"18. 主不可以怒而興師將不可以愠而致戰"},{"ref":"13.19","t":"If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you are.","gr":"19. 合於利而動不合於利而止"},{"ref":"13.20","t":"Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content.","gr":"20. 怒可以復喜愠可以復悅"},{"ref":"13.21","t":"But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being; nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.","gr":"21. 亡國不可以復存死者不可以復生"},{"ref":"13.22","t":"Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution.","gr":"22. 故明君愼之良將警之此安國全軍之道也"},{"ref":"13.23","t":"This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact."},{"sp":"HDR","t":"CHAPTER XIII. THE USE OF SPIES."},{"ref":"14.1","t":"Sun Tzŭ said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver.","gr":"用間篇\n1. 孫子曰凡興師十萬出兵千里百姓之費公家之奉日費千金內外騷動怠於道路不得操事者七十萬家"},{"ref":"14.2","t":"There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on the highways."},{"ref":"14.3","t":"As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in their labour."},{"ref":"14.4","t":"Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy’s condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred ounces of silver in honours and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity.","gr":"2. 相守數年以爭一日之勝而愛爵祿百金不知敵之情者不仁之至也"},{"ref":"14.5","t":"One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign, no master of victory.","gr":"3. 非人之將也非主之佐也非勝之主也"},{"ref":"14.6","t":"Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is <em>foreknowledge</em>.","gr":"4. 故明君賢將所以動而勝人成功出於衆者先知也"},{"ref":"14.7","t":"Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits; it cannot be obtained inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation.","gr":"5. 先知者不可取於鬼神不可象於事不可驗於度"},{"ref":"14.8","t":"Knowledge of the enemy’s dispositions can only be obtained from other men.","gr":"6. 必取於人知敵之情者也"},{"ref":"14.9","t":"Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.","gr":"7. 故用間有五有鄉間有內間有反間有死間有生間"},{"ref":"14.10","t":"When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the secret system.","gr":"8. 五間俱起莫知其道是謂神紀人君之寳也"},{"ref":"14.11","t":"This is called “divine manipulation of the threads.”"},{"ref":"14.12","t":"It is the sovereign’s most precious faculty."},{"ref":"14.13","t":"Having <em>local spies</em> means employing the services of the inhabitants of a district.","gr":"9. 鄉間者因其鄉人而用之"},{"ref":"14.14","t":"Having <em>inward spies</em>, making use of officials of the enemy.","gr":"10. 內間者因其官人而用之"},{"ref":"14.15","t":"Having <em>converted spies</em>, getting hold of the enemy’s spies and using them for our own purposes.","gr":"11. 反間者因其敵間而用之"},{"ref":"14.16","t":"Having <em>doomed spies</em>, doing certain things openly for purposes of deception, and allowing our own spies to know of them and report them to the enemy.","gr":"12. 死間者爲誑事於外令吾間知之而傳於敵"},{"ref":"14.17","t":"<em>Surviving spies</em>, finally, are those who bring back news from the enemy’s camp.","gr":"13. 生間者反報也"},{"ref":"14.18","t":"Hence it is that with none in the whole army are more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies.","gr":"14. 故三軍之親莫親於間賞莫厚於間事莫密於間"},{"ref":"14.19","t":"None should be more liberally rewarded."},{"ref":"14.20","t":"In no other business should greater secrecy be preserved."},{"ref":"14.21","t":"Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive sagacity.","gr":"15. 非聖智不能用間"},{"ref":"14.22","t":"They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and straightforwardness.","gr":"16. 非仁義不能使間"},{"ref":"14.23","t":"Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of their reports.","gr":"17. 非微妙不能得間之實"},{"ref":"14.24","t":"Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of business.","gr":"18. 微哉微哉無所不用間也"},{"ref":"14.25","t":"If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told.","gr":"19. 間事未發而先聞者間與所告者皆死"},{"ref":"14.26","t":"Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants, the aides-de-camp, the door-keepers and sentries of the general in command.","gr":"20. 凡軍之所欲擊城之所欲攻人之所欲殺必先知其守將左右謁者門者舍人之姓名令吾間必索知之"},{"ref":"14.27","t":"Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these."},{"ref":"14.28","t":"The enemy’s spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed.","gr":"21. 必索敵人之間來間我者因而利之導而舍之故反間可得而用也"},{"ref":"14.29","t":"Thus they will become converted spies and available for our service."},{"ref":"14.30","t":"It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ local and inward spies.","gr":"22. 因是而知之故鄉間內間可得而使也"},{"ref":"14.31","t":"It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.","gr":"23. 因是而知之故死間爲誑事可使告敵"},{"ref":"14.32","t":"Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on appointed occasions.","gr":"24. 因是而知之故生間有使如期"},{"ref":"14.33","t":"The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy.","gr":"25. 五間之事主必知之知之必在於反間故反間不可不厚也"},{"ref":"14.34","t":"Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality."},{"ref":"14.35","t":"Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due to Lü Ya who had served under the Yin.","gr":"26. 昔殷之興也伊摯在夏周之興也呂牙在殷"},{"ref":"14.36","t":"Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying, and thereby they achieve great results.","gr":"27. 故惟明君賢將能以上智爲間者必成大功此兵之要三軍之所恃而動也"},{"ref":"14.37","t":"Spies are a most important element in war, because on them depends an army’s ability to move."}],"footnotes":[]}],"id":"sun-tzu-art-of-war","description":"Sun Tzu's Art of War — the Calthrop and Lionel Giles translations, a plain-text Giles, the traditional Chinese text, and a dual-text edition."}